Expectancy Theory of Motivation

Running head: EXPECTANCY THEORY OF MOTIVATION Expectancy Theory of Motivation Expectancy Theory of Motivation Companies need to understand the practice of motivation for them to achieve full output from its employees which will lead to full output from the company. The expectancy theory of motivation proposed by Victor Vroom will help companies to understand how to achieve this motivation level. The theory of motivation states that employee’s motivation is the outcome of how much of individual wants a reward. The theory revolves around three distinct perceptions. The first component of the theory is the Effort-performance relationship. The provability perceived by the individual that exerting a given amount of effort will lead to performance (Robbins & Judge, 2007, p. 208). The second component of this theory is Performance-reward relationship. The degree to which the individual believes that performing at a particular level will lead to the attainment of a desire outcome (Robbins & Judge, 2007, p. 208). The third component of this theory is Rewards-personal goals relationship. The degree to which organizational rewards satisfy an individual’s personal goals or needs and the attractiveness of those potential rewards for the individual (Robbins & Judge, 2007, p. 208). The Expectancy Theory of Motivation had to very important beliefs that help complete the above model. The first belief is that Effort-to-performance expectancy is the individual's awareness that effort will lead to above performance. The person will determine if the performance expected of them can be reached by an amount of effort within their ability. If this person feels they can’t achieve this performance level within their abilities then the outcome to meet the goals will be low. This will cause the person motivation effort to be low. If the person feels that the performance level that is required of them is in reach of their abilities then they are likely put the extra effort in and be motivated. The second belief links performance to outcome through instrumentality. This is where a person is motivated when that person feels the performance is explicit and equal instrument to fulfill their personal outcome. Therefore a erson will be motivated if the person believes that meeting the performance of organization will bring their desired outcome. The other problem arises if the person does not feel their desired outcome will not be achieved then they may not put in any or very little effort to meet the performance of the organization and will they will not be motivated in the first place. The company management must set goa ls that can be attainable for the person to be motivated and succeed and benefit the person outcome. This can be achieved through a promotion, bonuses, and praise. The company from the given scenario has set the goal to produce goods of extra quality and the company is expecting employees’ level to be very high. Few of the employees have been able to handle these new processes. Then we have learned that the expectancy relationship has been fulfilled and is working. The problem with the given scenario must line somewhere within the instrumentality relationship. The given scenario shows there is no salary difference between the workers who are good performers and the workers who are the bad performers. One other point is that the bad performers bring penalties in their salary. The level of bonus that is offered for meeting the goal of the company is not high enough with the required effort according to the employees. Last thing about the scenario the amount of pay given for overtime is higher than the bonus given for performance and still overtime is created by because of the slow performance. The employees understand it is better to work slow and see better instrumentality then through fast work. Looking at the given scenario there has to be some items have to be addressed. One item that needs to be addressed is the slow work with some of the employees must have strict salary penalties. The next item to be addressed is that with better performance the bonus levels need to be compensated higher. This will make the employees that are capable running processes put in place by the company put in more effort to reach the performance desired as they will desire the new bonus. The employees that are not capable will put more of an effort and be motivated to reach the same desired higher bonus and not see a penalty in salary. The last item to be addressed is management should reorganize the operations so that the bonus pay is higher than the overtime work performed this way employees will not see the benefit of working the overtime as the performance bonus will be more desirable. We have shown the key features of the expectancy theory that was proposed by Victor Vroom which illustrated a scenario which we implemented corrective intervention to boost the efforts of employees. Reference Robbins, S. P. , ; Judge, T. A. (2007). Motivation Concepts. In (Ed. ), Organizational Behavior (pp. 208-214). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. Expectancy Theory of Motivation Running head: EXPECTANCY THEORY OF MOTIVATION Expectancy Theory of Motivation Expectancy Theory of Motivation Companies need to understand the practice of motivation for them to achieve full output from its employees which will lead to full output from the company. The expectancy theory of motivation proposed by Victor Vroom will help companies to understand how to achieve this motivation level. The theory of motivation states that employee’s motivation is the outcome of how much of individual wants a reward. The theory revolves around three distinct perceptions. The first component of the theory is the Effort-performance relationship. The provability perceived by the individual that exerting a given amount of effort will lead to performance (Robbins & Judge, 2007, p. 208). The second component of this theory is Performance-reward relationship. The degree to which the individual believes that performing at a particular level will lead to the attainment of a desire outcome (Robbins & Judge, 2007, p. 208). The third component of this theory is Rewards-personal goals relationship. The degree to which organizational rewards satisfy an individual’s personal goals or needs and the attractiveness of those potential rewards for the individual (Robbins & Judge, 2007, p. 208). The Expectancy Theory of Motivation had to very important beliefs that help complete the above model. The first belief is that Effort-to-performance expectancy is the individual's awareness that effort will lead to above performance. The person will determine if the performance expected of them can be reached by an amount of effort within their ability. If this person feels they can’t achieve this performance level within their abilities then the outcome to meet the goals will be low. This will cause the person motivation effort to be low. If the person feels that the performance level that is required of them is in reach of their abilities then they are likely put the extra effort in and be motivated. The second belief links performance to outcome through instrumentality. This is where a person is motivated when that person feels the performance is explicit and equal instrument to fulfill their personal outcome. Therefore a erson will be motivated if the person believes that meeting the performance of organization will bring their desired outcome. The other problem arises if the person does not feel their desired outcome will not be achieved then they may not put in any or very little effort to meet the performance of the organization and will they will not be motivated in the first place. The company management must set goa ls that can be attainable for the person to be motivated and succeed and benefit the person outcome. This can be achieved through a promotion, bonuses, and praise. The company from the given scenario has set the goal to produce goods of extra quality and the company is expecting employees’ level to be very high. Few of the employees have been able to handle these new processes. Then we have learned that the expectancy relationship has been fulfilled and is working. The problem with the given scenario must line somewhere within the instrumentality relationship. The given scenario shows there is no salary difference between the workers who are good performers and the workers who are the bad performers. One other point is that the bad performers bring penalties in their salary. The level of bonus that is offered for meeting the goal of the company is not high enough with the required effort according to the employees. Last thing about the scenario the amount of pay given for overtime is higher than the bonus given for performance and still overtime is created by because of the slow performance. The employees understand it is better to work slow and see better instrumentality then through fast work. Looking at the given scenario there has to be some items have to be addressed. One item that needs to be addressed is the slow work with some of the employees must have strict salary penalties. The next item to be addressed is that with better performance the bonus levels need to be compensated higher. This will make the employees that are capable running processes put in place by the company put in more effort to reach the performance desired as they will desire the new bonus. The employees that are not capable will put more of an effort and be motivated to reach the same desired higher bonus and not see a penalty in salary. The last item to be addressed is management should reorganize the operations so that the bonus pay is higher than the overtime work performed this way employees will not see the benefit of working the overtime as the performance bonus will be more desirable. We have shown the key features of the expectancy theory that was proposed by Victor Vroom which illustrated a scenario which we implemented corrective intervention to boost the efforts of employees. Reference Robbins, S. P. , ; Judge, T. A. (2007). Motivation Concepts. In (Ed. ), Organizational Behavior (pp. 208-214). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall.

Medical Technology profession Essay

1. Among the past presidents of PAMET, who do you think has the greatest contribution in Medical Technology profession? Why do you think so? The first president, Mr. Charlemagne Tamondong, I think has the greatest contribution in the field of Medical Technology. Mr. Tamondong has proven that without his achievements as the first PAMET president, the association would never be as it is as now. He had worked for the medical technologist’s name to be accepted by the public. I believe that he had done these achievements against many obstacles. With his courage, he had made it. He had given honor to the medical technologists. One thing that also admired me of him was his success in working for the House Bill No. 7682. Mr. Tamondong had initiated the Republic Act No. 00557 that medical technologists depend on until now. He is the root of all the achievements of all the PAMET presidents after him until now. And as a future Registered Medical Technologist, I have a great respect of all his works and achievements for the Medical Technology profession. 2. If you are going to become the PAMET President, how are you going to serve the organization? What is/are the issue/s you are going to resolve? What are your plans? Answer: It would be a great opportunity for me to become a PAMET President. It sounds impossible to be achieved by me but when fate gives me the chance to be as a president, my plans would accord for the medical technology students and most especially for the registered medical technologists. Many students majoring the Medical Technology course wanted to achieve in the chosen fields in their respective schools. My plan for the students would be a workshop held in their school. This workshop would be participated by registered medical technologists who are also members of the association. This in result would inspire the students to pursue the course. On the other side, I have visions for the registered medical technologists. There are many medical technology students nowadays. The most likely to happen after 2-3 years would be lack of job of many registered medical technologists. To prevent this to happen, I would be looking for funding for more laboratories to activate thus, aiding the loss of job opportunities of medical technologists and for faster and accurate results for the different laboratory tests.

Organisation, Competition and enviroment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Organisation, Competition and enviroment - Essay Example The public provided services and the government policies have its own implications on the market and the organizations. It is imperative to have a holistic understanding of the economic system in order to have clarity of the production and consumption of products and services in an organization. It also helps in comprehending the various reasons that leads to competition between organizations. An economic system is a process that decides economic policies and economic activity of a society. The production, distribution and consumption of products and services largely depend on it. There are three main features of an economic system. They are capitalism, free trade and free capital transfer and national economic policy. [Holte, n. d]. Capitalism refers to the production of goods by the privately owned firms and selling those products in competition with the other private organizations selling the same products. The policy which allow investment, production, distribution and consumption of products and services in a country by other countries and vice-versa is called free trade and free capital transfer. In this case, there is larger market for products and services since the customers are world-wide. ... [Comparative economic system, n. d]. In a traditional economic system, the methodology practiced for the production and distribution of the products and services by the people is the same as followed by their ancestors. The occupation of present generation remains the same as their parents and grandparents. For instance, many of the communities whose main occupation was agriculture still practice the same to make a living. Economic systems were the individuals decide their occupation and their role as a buyer and seller is called market economic system. In this type of e system, individuals are responsible for purchasing or selling goods and services. A command economic system is the one were the organizations exist and function based on the decision of the government. This kind of economic system allows the government to make decisions about the production of goods and services. It is solely the responsibility of the government to sell goods and services. [Comparative economic syste m, n. d]. The discretion of the implementation of various types of economic system largely depends on the state. However, different people have different views about the role of a state in deciding its economic system. Metzger [2004] states that "I am not the sort who believes the State is a necessary institution at all. However, many libertarians do think that a minimal State is useful." According to Kovcs and Kemny [1999] since state has the authority in deciding its economic system, they should revise the economic policy in accordance to the requirement of the given economic environment. Kotz [2004] reports that in a democratic socialist country the strategies implemented by the state can only lead to its development. There are states were the government is the single

Constitutional and Administrative Law - The rule of Law and Human Essay

Constitutional and Administrative Law - The rule of Law and Human rights - Essay Example Was it so hard for Socrates to conclude that he constituted ‘a majority of one2’ on that matter? No doubt Socrates, having believed in the Rule of Law when he was alive sought to die in the same manner. This discussion will seek to explore the notion of the supremacy of law and in light of any exposition obtained will consider whether Socrates could have chosen another way to enlighten us. The idea of the supremacy of law is ideally one of the fundamental principles in a society, translating into the law being above all and all being subject to the ordinary law of the land. As such there exist a variety of views about the rule of law, forming a spectrum in light of the culture or society in consideration. What is significant is the recognition of the existence of the rule of law in various societies and to mark how this creature has changed shape over the centuries. For instance, half a millennium ago the rule of law would be seen to be present where the monarch ruled by right of conquest and everyone else was subservient to the monarchy. The monarchs were later substituted for ruling senates or governments but the status of the conquered nations would remain the same. This is exemplified by the Greek, Roman and later the British colonial empires where the conquered peoples were subject to the law introduced by the conquerors. Today such a rule would be considered und emocratic and singularly abhorrent. In the West, freedom had already attained its due significance as long ago as the Battle of Thermopylae and although it has often been in danger since then it is now too deeply ingrained in the system to be rooted out. It is this freedom that has led to liberal democracies and the idea of the rule of law as understood here is different from the eastern-more conservative societies. The supremacy of law in the West is often taken to be a fundamental principle because it gives way to equality, thereby making all equal, with none being above the

Navigating through the Life Cycle of Maturity Essay

Navigating through the Life Cycle of Maturity - Essay Example Apparently, the adoption of a direct way of selling their franchises to their customers as opposed to their competitors for instance Compaq who relied on retailers to sell their franchises. Evidently, this served to improve their business since it boosted the customer seller relationship. In addition to that, good management also played a major role in the growth of Dell. On that note, while their competitors such as IBM struggled with management politics, Dell was strategizing on how to improve their business. Secondly, an analysis of Dells declining industry yielded the following. Although, technology buy outs have worked for the Dell competitors, but with the decline in the personal computer market as a result new innovations have contributed to the demise of Dell. Finally, examples of dells strategy over the competition are as follows. The leadership strategy which entails the company striving to become the dominant player in the declining business venture is one method. Secondly, the niche strategy which emphasizes on the pocket demand that are declining gradually as compared to the industry as a whole. Moreover, this entails the flow of funds. Finally, there is the divestment strategy, which consists of the process a company sells the business to other

Geomorphology Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Geomorphology - Lab Report Example This paper explores the process of geomorphology. The processes of the surface are made up of wind, water, fire, ice, and living things on the earth surface. The chemical reactions forming soils and altering the stability, material, and topographical rate of change under gravitational force are some of the surface processes. These factors are strongly affected by climate. The geological processes are the mountain range uplift, volcanic growth, isostatic changes in the elevation of land surfaces, sedimentary basins formation are also surface processes. The surface of the earth together with the topography form an intersection of climatic, biologic, and hydrologic action with the processes of geology. The huge topographies found on Earth display the surface intersection and the action of the subsurface. The belts of the mountains are always uplifted because of the geological processes. In the regions that are uplifted high, denudation produces the sediment that is deposited and transported elsewhere within the coastal landscape. In this case, The similar ideas may apply in cases where the individual landforms are evolving as a result of the subtractive and additive balance of processes. These processes may directly influence each other. The water, ice sheets together with sediments are the loads that may alter the topography via flexural isostasy. In many cases, the local climate of a certain place may be modified, which would in turn modify the topography by altering the hydraulic regimes of the evolution. Different geomorphologists are specifically interested in the feedback potential of tectonically and climate mediated through the geomorphic processes. The geomorphologists addresses the issues considered being more specific. They investigate the glacial deposits like eskers, moraines, and the proglacial lakes together with the glacial erosion traits that establishes the chronologies of all the

Trends in Crude Oil Demand in United States over Time Assignment

Trends in Crude Oil Demand in United States over Time - Assignment Example In the throes of elevated oil prices, people, as well as industries, focused on reducing reliance on oil and oil products by investing in alternative energy and manufacturing more fuel-efficient products especially automobiles respectively. As a result, towards the close of the economic recession, the demand for crude had experienced a visible dent. Demand for crude, however, remained largely unaffected considering that alternative energy is yet to become a close and easily realizable alternative to crude. Crude oil pricing is highly prone to non-price factors that upset demand. Oil prices change wildly due to the geopolitical events afflicting the highly capricious Middle East, where most of the world’s crude production happens. The recent political mayhem in the Arab world resulted in an unmatched upsurge in prices of crude on the global scene, mainly due to a dip in supply. Throughout history, brief upsets in the price of oil are unmistakable in the event of unanticipated oversupply or unexpected shortages. Another key factor affecting the price of oil in the United States is the policy regulations imposed by the government, especially after the close of Second World War. Subsequently, in the post-war era, government regulations on the industry have commendably kept the prices of crude in the US well below the global average. Changes in global trading have significantly lessened control of conventional regulatory mechanisms in curtailing the prices of crude oil. Investors’ speculation in oil futures in the recent past has resulted in a distinguishable upsurge in the prices of crude. Global economic crises seem to have a strong correlation with rising in crude oil prices in the world. According to analysts’ figures, unprecedented high prices of oil herald economic downturns. What is more fascinating is that the economic recessions result in lower oil prices. For instance, in the 2008 economic meltdown, the price fell from over $120 per barrel as the crisis began to less than $40 (Chevron, 1) at the peak of the crisis.

How can Human Rerources Make a Strategic Contribution to Organisations Essay

How can Human Rerources Make a Strategic Contribution to Organisations in a Time of Economic Recession - Essay Example It is further observed that loss of business of the star category premium hotels led to the final closure of many such large groups in and across the European continent. The reduction in transactions pertaining to the premium category hotels leads to the closure of many such units thereby rendering a large amount of impact on the human resources employed in such sectors. The hotels in order to counter the economic impacts of the global recession also amounted to rendering large amount of job cuts thereby complicating the situation (Jones, 2009, p.364-366). In the light of the above situation the paper proceeds to understand the managerial implications of the hotel companies to help sustain their position in the fluctuating market and also to effectively retain the human resources employed in the concern. ... In this Dent suggests that Managers herein are required to play a key role in making the employees understand the benefits and the implications involved in regards to incorporation of changes in the business policy and technological paradigm. Effective feedback must be gained from the people working in various levels and departments in regards to the incorporation of new policies and technological methods to reduce the climate of obstruction in the organisation (Dent and Goldberg, 1999, p.39). Again, Ford, Ford and D’Amelio in their article states that the existence of resistance in regards to the incorporation of a new business philosophy must not always be taken as a mode of obstruction. Rather people turn out to be resistant to changes when they feel that changes demanded by the managers are not legitimate enough or would prove detrimental to the interests of the working class. Thus managers need to pay heed to the needs and interests of the people before deciding on to imp lement the change process. Again in that the demands of the people resisting organisational change must not always be taken as irrational in nature. Rather the interests of the people taken into consideration would help in the formation of counter arguments resulting in more effective policy making. The process of resistance invites the development of thought process in regards to the organisational managers to help in formulating more dynamic and scientific business policies and methods for the concern. Thus the people rendering resistance need to be taken as agents in the change bearing process and not as potential obstructers. In this light, Elrod II and Tippett in their

Article response about a movie Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Article response about a movie - Essay Example The star in the film was the robot that was an unknown and thus did not command star power. This was done to prevent the star from distracting the viewers from the original story. In the article been discussed, the author puts forward a theory that the film, Metropolis represents the US and German relationship. The author proposes that the film is both inspired by the movie and also aims to show the exploitation of the masses at the hands of American film culture. The movie’s two father figures are represented likened to Germany and America. One representing the genius who made all technological advancement possible but he set back by his traditional views. The other is one that holds a superior position for his way of commanding and accepting the technology at his disposal. The article discusses how the film is inspired by American films created during the same era. It depends on technology and high budget much like that of American contemporary films of that era. However, one recurrent element in American films was also star power and sexuality. Here the film challenges these notions of American films but casting a robot in the role of the star. This is meant to prevent the star from distracting from the plot of the movie. Also the movie brings down love to mere sexuality by casting the female in the role of a robot. The robot is programmed to follow the commands of the master. 20. Most Interesting Passage (single quotation of 100-300 words, plus page citation—or series of up to three shorter quotations, same aggregate word-count, plus page citation) plus a brief comment as to why this passage(s) is interesting to you: ‘The star is its mechanism of identficiation, its means of consoling the masses, of feeding the appetite for consolation and its own appetitie for industrial efficiency and profit. Thus the American entertainment industry’s most insidious and dangerous application of technology is captured in an

American History I Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

American History I - Essay Example It is through religion that the blacks found a tool of enduring enslavement with their dignity still intact. Religion strengthened their belief that they will get their freedom. Other worshippers, however, felt that the whites became sent by God, to deliver them from their bondage. Through this, they became more loyal to the slave masters. Family was significant to the enslaved people. Family allowed the male slaves is more than a working beast. It gave him the opportunity of being a father, and also a husband. Women became allowed to be mothers and wives, and to take on responsibilities different from their slave duties (Stanley, 2000). Even though, on one hand the masters wanted these families since they wanted slaves to reproduce, they allowed for a whole new generation, to develop. Families weakened slavery because it is out of families that communities’ grew these turned out to be a world that the slave master never knew about, leading to easy riots and ganging up against slavery (Stanley, 2000). While region did both weaken and strengthened the institution of slavery, family weakened the institution completely. Families became able to plot on how to gang up against the masters without their knowledge. Slave leaders found it easier to pass information through families rather than holding public gatherings (Stanley,

Slackness and more slackness Essay Example for Free

Slackness and more slackness Essay Bob Marleys One Love is heralded as the song of the 20th century. Jamaicans are jubilant about this. We boast of the impact of such songs as Redemption Song in encouraging the anti-apartheid movement in South Africa. Millions across the world identify with the message in Bob Marleys songs. We agree that music has tremendous power and effect. Isnt this evident in how Jamaica has become known worldwide because of Bob Marleys music? How is it then that the same voices that acknowledge the powerful effect of Marleys music now seek to deny the effect of dancehall artistes such as Vybz Kartels lyrics on the minds and subsequent behaviour of those who listen to them? Dancehall has moved from the space that reggae occupies, in its promotion of social and political consciousness, to the elevation and advancement of slackness. This affects our youth in a negative fashion. Dancehall is not just the music, but it is a culture which impacts dress, fashion and body language; it influences attitude. Dancehall dress leaves little of the womens bodies to the imagination. It is this mindset that is now affecting so many of our young people in school. They are following the dancehall culture of badmanism, hottie girls, nuff girls, nuff skin and body parts exposed, nuff slackness, public wining and grinding, bling and more bling, and every thing else that the culture promotes. PARENTS ALSO MORE DULGING There are parents who are indulging in this dancehall lifestyle and who, therefore, cannot guide their children to lead moral, self-disciplined lives. The children and the parents are now both indulging in the dancehall slackness. We see the effect of this in our schools. We see it when little children are taken to Passa Passa and adults delight in watching them wining and grinding their undeveloped hips in imitation of their slackness. Before these children can begin to know what innocence is, they have lost it. Their innocence has been aborted. This exposure to unbridled slackness from an early age has ensured that we produce a generation whose morality has been warped from the beginning. They will now believe that this slack and loose behaviour is the norm. WOMEN AS SEX OBJECTS We add slackness to slackness when the songs played on the sound systems and the images portrayed in the music videos all promote women as sex machines. These women represent themselves merely as objects of sex as is made clear by how they dress and by the sex-simulating gyrations they indulge in, which are termed dancing, with bottoms bouncing and going round like gigs and pelvic thrusts emphasising their genital areas. With such a constant diet being fed to the senses of the young, how can their consciousness develop in an innocent, childlike way? Add to these stimuli, the images of upstanding Jamaicans wining and grinding on the roads during carnival; women sandwiched by men from behind and before; women and men of all shapes and sizes, some totally unknown to each other, wearing the barest of coverings, indulging in unrestrained sexual conduct on the streets with the media promoting and covering it, with hordes of police (including high-ranking police officers) guiding the train. What are we saying to our young? We are saying that slackness is acceptable, that sexual behaviour is not a private matter; that sex can be practised publicly with societys approval. Why, then, are we shocked when our schoolchildren display this same type of behaviour on the streets, at the transportation hubs, on the buses, on the school grounds? Why are we shocked when they want their sex acts to be video-taped and published? Children live what they learn. They have simply taken a step further what they have been taught by the big people, the adults, around them. We are simply reaping what we have sown. This is what some young teenagers say about the impact of dancehall on their behaviour: It makes me break out of my little shell. I am an innocent girl and dancehall music breaks that barrier. It makes you feel all gangsterish and cool. And the music teaches you how to dress. The lyrics are influential. They tell you to walk roun, smoke weed and buss gun. Many people, children in particular, look up to some of the artistes who feature these lyrics in their songs and they actually do some of these things because they feel that if their favourite artiste is doing it and they are hip and admired, then why not do it too. Hence, dancehall music is influential, not only to me, but to the wider society. I have stopped listening to dancehall music now and thats good because it had such a negative influence on me. At one point, I found myself acting in the way that the songs portray a hot girl should be.

Money Makes The World Go Round English Literature Essay

Money Makes The World Go Round English Literature Essay The quotation money makes the world go round was first used in a musical play Cabaret, it was written in the 1960s. the play was a melancholy one, in one of the songs the female lead expresses her wish for love, the male protagonist replies with this line in the song. The main aim of this line was to say that it is money that makes the world turn, not nobility or love. It highlights the fact that our society is heavily dependent on money.  [1]  Charles Dickens further stresses this point in his novel Dombey and Son where Paul asks his father about the powers of money. Hisfather replies it can do everything, little Paul then intelligently questions his dad as to why money did not save his mother. Charles Dickens very clearly portrays both sides of the argument. The phrase basically means that everything in this world would stop without money. To some extent this statement is true because without money you cannot afford a shelter on your head, have food, go from point A to point B, etc. It is often said that money can take you places, in many instances it proves true because money can and often does open up many doors for a person. However, in todays world we are all too preoccupied with the notion of acquiring wealth, so much so that other aspects of life that are equally important are neglected. The main reason behind this is our distorted view of success. The word success is usually taken to mean material success; the more the money the more successful one is. This includes the amount of money one earns, the type of car he drives or the size of his house. The importance of money becomes very clear when a person has no money, Money for a poor person is everything, it becomes very important for him to earn so that he can fulfill his basic needs. However, recently everyone has become consumption oriented. We want to buy anything that is new on the market and catches our interest and we are falling prey to the attractive packaging and advertisiments of a product. Thus we buy things that we have little need for which in turn makes us want more money. Money enables us to afford a better quality of life; more money means bigger and better houses and cars, better quality products, better entertainment etc. Another advantage is less stress in paying bills and other household expenses. Money may also allow a person to persue his dreams, for example a person who wants to attain higher education may not be able to without money. Literature also supports this in many places, one such example is where Charles Dickens in another Novel A Christmas Carol  [2]  shows how love is pushed aside for money. This happens when young Ebenzer Scrooge had made a promise to a girl Belle to provide for her, however Belle chooses a crooked businessman Jacob as he offers her a quick gain of fortune to the girl. A number of quotations from the book the great Gatsby by F.Scott Fitzgerald  [3]  also highlight the importance of money. One such quote mentioned the effect that money has on Gatsby when he is unable to even speak in front of Daisy Buchnan as he gets intimidated by her wealth. This shows how wealth encompasses every aspect of our lives, so much so that it even reflects in the voice and mannerisms of a person. Another description from the same book is about a character Tom whose wealth has given him a lot of power. It allows him to treat others how ever he likes and his elitist nature also makes him condescending towards other people. Thus another thought is that wealth gives one power. Money may be a motivator it influences human activity from geological exploration to politics. Money itself may not be evil, it is the greed for money that becomes the root of evil. Despite popular arguments I believe that money does not make the world go around. we have created the monster and allowed it to take over and control our lives.  [4]  Even though money does have some importance in our lives as every aspect of our lives revolves around money, but if we tried to be content with less we may not face such dependency. The variety of products that we are faced with makes it very difficult for us to be content with what we have. We have made money so central to our lives that we place it above life and even happiness. This never ending pursuit of money has made the society a selfish one. People forget that there are many things that money cant buy. A Chinese proverb summarizes this argument very well by saying that money can buy a house but it cannot make a home, that it can not buy time, sleep knowledge, health, respect and a good life only the material aspects can be bought but not ones that come from within. Stephen R. Covey in his book seven habits of highly effective people also mentions that some of us tend to be centered around money and so our sense of security and happiness is directly related to how much money we have and since its human nature to never be satisfied with what one has he is likely to remain unhappy most of the time. Even a huge increase in wealth is unlikely to satisfy such a person. For this purpose we need to alter our centres to what we really want at the end of our lives. Money can buy a lot of things but it cannot buy good health, respect, love, inner peace etc as these only come from good principles. A person can have million in his bank account but still feel poor because he is not content with his life, more money gives him only minimal satisfaction. Security come from within from knowing that what you have is enough for you to be happy, it comes from believing in your self. All of us tend to think that happiness comes from outside i.e. through money. A short story that supports this notion is A Christmas Memory by Truman Capote it is the story of a child who does not get anything for Christmas except handed down and worn out except for a kite but he is still satisfied and goes out to fly it. In another instance was when the family was offered money for a new Christmas tree but they refused it believing that their old tree was more precious and nothing could replace it. Both these examples reflect the importance of contentment and satisfaction ove r money. One important error that we make is that we equate money with success, this is not true. Success can be divided into 8 categories, these are: health, personal needs, family, career, spiritual, financial and community. To be truly successful you need to be more than just financially successful. There have been many cases whereby a rich man was unable to spend all his fortune due to his health and died despite his accumulated wealth. Such a man cannot be called wealthy as all that he accumulated was left behind, and it was not able to help him when he needed help the most. Thus a rich person who lacks in other aspect of life is as good as being poor. Let us not get carried away with the idea of acquiring wealth and money and fail to consider other aspects of our life.

How To Answer A Question On Misrepresentation

How To Answer A Question On Misrepresentation A contract may be define as a legally binding agreement between two or more parties, in relation to a particular subject. Contracts can cover an extremely broad range of matters, including the sale of goods or real property, the terms of employment or of an independent contractor relationship, the settlement of a dispute, and ownership of intellectual property developed as part of a work for hire. It can be said that contracts are the essential to commercial life. In Malaysia, the law of contract is regulated by the Contracts Act 1950. On the 6th of Dec 2012, Ted saw an expensive Rolex watch on display in one of the shops in GS Megamall, took it and while walking to the cashier counter, saw another watch (Seiko) and was taken by it. He immediately returned the Rolex watch in favor the new one. The manager of the shop, who was watching Ted, was not satisfied with Ted’s action and told Ted he has to pay for the Rolex watch as he had picked up the Rolex watch. Related case that can be referred is Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v Boots Cash chemist Ltd [1953]. The law requires that the sale of certain pharmaceuticals must be carried out under the supervision of a qualified pharmacist. Boots operated a store where the drugs were displayed on a self-service basis and the customers paid at a cash desk for the goods they have selected. A pharmacist was present at the cash desk but not at the shelves where the goods were displayed with a price tag. The Pharmaceutical society claimed that the law was contravened. The court held that the display of goods in the store was not an offer but an invitation to treat. It was the customer who made the offer and Boots could either accept or reject this offer at the cash desk (in the presence of the qualified pharmacist). The act of constituting the acceptance is the ringing up of the price on the till by the cashier and at that moment a binding contract of sale is made. In the case of goods on display in a shop or supermarket, the law has decided that it is the customer who makes the offer by taking the goods and placing them on the shopkeeper’s or cashier’s counter, and the shopkeeper or cashier accepts the offer by accepting the customer’s money. But Ted’s offer is not yet accepted by the shopkeeper because he does not place it on the shopkeeper’s or cashier’s counter. It is important to know which party makes the offer and which accepts. Actually, the price displayed on the goods is not the offer, it is only an invitation for the customer to make an offer and it is only an invitation to treat. The claims from the manager which he argued, by picking up the Rolex watch Ted has accepted the offer by the shop is invalid. Thus, ted is not liable to pay for the Rolex watch. This question deals with offer and acceptance. Is the flyer received by Ted is an offer or an invitation to treat? An offer is defined as â€Å"a statement made by one party of a willingness to enter into a contract on stated terms, provided that these terms are, in turn, accepted by another party to whom the offer is addressed†. Ted received a flyer from Rayan advertising an Ipad tablet for sale , but no price of the Ipad is stated in the flyer . Therefore, from the flyer , it is observed that Rayan is not seeking any potential buyer to make him an offer but Rayan himself is the offeror. The offer from Rayan is an offer may be made to an individual or to a large number of people. There was a case related to this situation which is Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co. (1892). Carbolic smoke Ball Co. Ltd., in its newspaper advertisement, promised to give  £100 to anyone who purchased their smoke ball remedy for influenza, and caught illness within 14 days. To show good faith, the company deposited  £1000 with a bank to meet any claims. Mrs. Carlill bought the remedy, caught influenza and claimed  £100. The court held that the advertisement was an offer to the world at large, and Mrs. Carlill had accepted the offer by purchasing and taking the remedy. An offer must be a definite promise by which the offeror intends to be legally bound by the terms stated. In Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co., the fact that  £1000 had been deposited with a bank showed that it was a firm offer and the company intended to be legally bound. Ted wrote a letter to show his interest on the tablet and Rayan replied on the 8th of Dec offering the tablet for RM 800. Ted received the letter on 9th of Dec and posted the letter of acceptance on 10th of Dec .This showed that Ted had accepted the offer from Rayan and the postal rule is applied in the case. The postal rules only apply when the ‘acceptance’ is sent by post as stated in the case. Acceptance here takes effect when the letter is posted. In other words, where acceptance by post has been requested or where it is an appropriate and reasonable means of communication between the parties, then acceptance is complete as soon as the letter is posted, even if the letter is delayed, destroyed or lost in the post so that it never reaches the offeror. There was a case related to this situation which is Adams v Lindsell. Lindsell wrote to Adams on Tuesday 2 Sept 1817. Lindsell misdirected the letter and as a result it was not received by Adams till 7.00pm on Friday 5th Sept. On that evening Adams posted a letter accepting Lindsell’s offer. The letter of acceptance was not received by Lindsell till Tuesday 9th Sept. On Monday 8th Sept, Lindsell not having received the answer on Sunday 7th Sept, as they expected, sold the wools to another person. The issue before the court was as to when acceptance took effect. The court held that acceptance took effect when the letter was posted on 5th Sept. Since Ted’s letter of acceptance was posted on 10th of Dec , and it was only received by Rayan on the 15th of Dec, but the acceptance took effect when the letter is posted on 10th of Dec. Therefore , the conclusion is Ted shall has the right to buy the Ipad. Ted had bought a new car, Proton Persona at Jason Autos whereby Jason told Ted that the mileage of the car has not done for more than 80.000 kilometers. However, on the next day after Ted bought the car, Ted’s friend, Peter, who was a mechanic, had told Ted that the car has been done around 150.000 kilometers. In this case, it involves of misrepresentation during the process of negotiation between Ted and Jason. Before the contract is made, Jason claims that the mileage of the car was not done more than 80.000 kilometers, this is a representation made by Jason during the negotiation, which turned to be untrue when Peter told Ted that the mileage of the car was about 150.000 kilometers after the contract is made. According to Sections 19 and 20, when consent to an agreement is caused by coercion, fraud or misrepresentation, or undue influence, the agreement is a contract voidable at the option of the party whose consent was so caused. In this case, it can be a fraudulent misrepresentation. Fraudulent misrepresentation occurs when one makes representation with intent to deceive and with the knowledge that it is false. This can be related with the case of Derry v Peek (1889), in a company prospectus the defendant stated the company had the right to use steam powered trams as oppose to horse powered trams. However, at the time the right to use steam powered trams was subject of approval of the Board of Trade, which was later refused. The claimant purchased shares in the company in reliance of the statement made and brought a claim based on the alleged fraudulent representation of the defendant. The court held that the statement was not fraudulent but made in the honest belief that approval was forthcoming. Lord Herschell defined fraudulent misrepresentation as a statement which is made either knowing it to be false, without belief in its truth, or recklessly, careless as to whether it be true or false. In this case, it is believed that the representation made by Jason was recklessly, careless as to whether it be true or false, this is because the mileage of the car can be checked but Jason told Ted that the mileage was not exceeding 80.000 kilometers but in fact it reached about 150 kilometers. The mileage of the car can determine the price of the car. As the mileage is larger, the price of the car can be sold at a cheaper price. Hence, it is believed that Jason, by means of recklessly or carelessly to make the wrong representation to Ted, has an intention of selling the car at a higher rate of price. Therefore, if Ted choose to affirm the contract by performing his obligations under the contract, which is to accept the car, he has the right to claim for the loss, or to repudiate the contract by returning the car back to Jason. Ted was working for Mr. Davis. Mr. Davis asked Ted to sign a contract, which declares that Ted has to transfer 17% of his properties to him. Ted agreed to sign the contract because he afraid that he would be fired from his job. After that, Ted realized that he had more lose when he agreed to sign the contract with Mr. Davis. Ted wants to escape the obligations of the contract between himself and Mr. Davis. This may refer to the case Inche Noriah v Shaik Akkie Bin Omar (1929) whereby undue influence happened. An old and illiterate woman executed a deed of gift of a landed property in favour of her nephew who had been managing her affairs. Before executing the deed, she had independent advice from a lawyer who acted in good faith. However, he was unaware that the gift constituted practically the whole of her property and did not impress upon her that she could have equally benefited her nephew by bestowing the property upon the nephew by a will. The court held that the gift should be set aside, because there was a presumption of undue influence raised by relationship between the parties and the presumption was not rebutted. Section 16 defines the term â€Å"undue influence†. Undue influence arises when one of the parties to a contract uses his special relationship with the other party to influence that other party into making the contract. Mr. Davis is using his dominant position in the relationship between Ted to influence Ted to sign the contract that is unfair to Ted. The effect of undue influence is to render the contract voidable at the option of the innocent party. Hence Ted does not have the obligation to follow the agreement signed and can be discharged. In a nutshell, from the several incidents happen to Ted, the Law of Contract regulated by the Contracts Act 1950 is implemented to protect him. All of all, the world could not be perfect, the world is full of confliction, and so, law is here to protect our rights and also from being faulty accused or being framed by others.

PSY 301, Introductory Psychology, 2002, Exam 2 :: UTEXAS Texas Psychology

Introductory Psychology Pennebaker – October 16, 2002 Write your name and social security number on this page and also on your Scantron. Be sure to blacken in the FORM letter on the Scantron as well. 1 Which of the following is FALSE about Stage 4 sleep? A) It is the stage in which most dreams occur B) If deprived of it, individuals become exhausted and disoriented C) It is blocked by alcohol and sleeping pills D) It is marked by low amounts of eye movement E) It is not necessary every night 2 The night before his exam, Jerry was unable to sleep for more than one hour before waking-up. Which of the following best characterizes Jerry’s difficulty falling asleep? A) Sleep apnea B) Narcolepsy C) Insomnia D) Circadian rhythm E) Night terrors 3 Classical conditioning is to operant conditioning, as __________ is to __________? A) passive, active B) passive, unconditioned response C) emotional thoughts, logical emotions D) Pavlov, Freud E) conditioned stimulus, unconditioned response 4 Bill is trying to figure out the best way to increase the productivity of his workers.

Bilingual Education: Social Justice for All Essay -- Argumentative Per

  Ã‚  Ã‚   To be honest, I didn't know very much about the legal status and specific methods involved in bilingual education. Researching bilingual education helped me develop a broad understanding of the controversy and sufficient knowledge to be able to defend which method I think is the most effective. The biggest challenge in presenting my argument was focusing on a topic, because bilingual education is a broad topic with many ramifications. After considering many possible angles, I finally chose to write about two-way bilingual education because it is an effective method that has not been implemented very frequently in the educational system. The front doors of Chamberlain Elementary School in Goshen, Indiana are plastered with advertisements for GED courses for Spanish speakers and bilingual memos reminding parents of the upcoming parent-teacher conferences. Colorful posters in either Spanish or English, with the corresponding translation posted alongside them, deck the hallways. Over a third of the student body belongs to a linguistic minority group, with Spanish being by far the most common language. Thus, Chamberlain administrators and teachers face the daily challenge of meeting the needs of a diverse student body within the context of an English-speaking public institution. The school is well known throughout the area for its efforts in embracing diversity, projecting itself as a multicultural institution, and connecting with families regardless of their cultural background. However, in meeting the linguistic needs of its diverse population, Chamberlain falls sadly short. Volunteers or trained teachers pull students out of their classrooms for a brief lesson each day in English as a Second Language (ESL). Language minor... ...eadership (Dec.99-Jan.00): 62-67. Porter Pedalino, Rosalie. "The Benefits of English Immersion." Educational Leadership (Dec.99-Jan.00): 52-56. Quezada, Maria S., Terrence G. Wiley, and J. David Ramirez. "How the Reform Agenda Shortchanges English Learners." Educational Leadership (Dec.99-Jan.00): 57-61. Rippberger, Susan J. "Ideological Shifts in Bilingual Education." Comparative Educational Review (Feb.93): 50-61. Rodriguez, Roberto. "The Politics of Language." Hispanic (Apr.96): 53. Rothstein, Richard. "Bilingual Education: The Controversy." Phi Delta Kappan (May 98): 672-678. Thomas, Wayne P., and Virginia P. Collier. "Accelerated Schooling for English Language Learners." Educational Leadership (Apr.99): 46-49. Thomas, Wayne P., and Virginia P. Collier. "Two Languages are Better Than One." Educational Leadership (Dec.97-Jan.98): 23-26.

Free Hamlet Essays: Hamlets Numerous Problems :: The Tragedy of Hamlet Essays

Hamlet's Numerous Problems Hamlet's problem is not exact; it cannot be pinpointed. In fact, Hamlet has numerous problems that contribute to his dilemma. The first of these problems is the appearance of King Hamlet's ghost to his son, Hamlet. Hamlet's morality adds a great deal to his delay in murdering the current king, Claudius. One of Hamlet's biggest drawbacks is that he tends to think things out too much. Hamlet does not act on instinct; however, he makes certain that every action is premeditated. Hamlet suffers a great deal from melancholy; this in turn causes him to constantly second guess himself. The Ghost is the main cause of Hamlet's melancholy. Also, Hamlet's melancholy helps to clear up certain aspects of the play. These are just a few of the problems that Hamlet encounters throughout his ordeal. The last of Hamlet's problems stem from his relationships with the people close to him. Hamlet suffers from an Oedipus complex. Hamlet's relationship with Ophelia also causes him grief. All of the problems that Hamlet encounters make him question nobility. These ideas all add to the lack of haste in Hamlet's murder of Claudius. The appearance of the ghost to Hamlet causes him much confusion. As Dodsworth states, "Hamlet regards the Ghost as eminently 'questionable' (43), that is, 'which invites question' as Jenkins has it, but more pertinently 'uncertain, doubtful'"(Dodsworth 58). Hamlet does not know whether or not to listen to the ghost. If it is indeed the ghost of Hamlet senior Hamlet is obligated to follow his orders, "It is as he is flesh of his flesh that Hamlet is bound (by 'nature') to act on his father's behalf" (Dodsworth 59). In conclusion, the appearance of the eminently is the beginning of Hamlet's problems. Morality is the next big challenge that Hamlet faces. Hamlet needs to morally justify the murder of the king to himself before he can go through with it, "Hamlet was restrained by conscience or a moral scruple; he could not satisfy himself that it was right to avenge his father"(Bradley 80). This idea connects directly with the idea that Hamlet thinks too much. Although Hamlet does not act on instinct; he does understand what it is telling him to do, "Even when he doubts, or thinks he doubts, the honesty of the Ghost, he expresses no doubt as to what his duty will be if the Ghost turns out to be honest" (Bradley 80).

What Technology Has Made America Today

Technology has been a very big contribution to this generation. Like everything in this world, things age as well as evolve and change. One aspect that has begun to change is where and how we use technology. Three major examples are in the work place, how we monitor our elderly parents or siblings, and how it improved our medicine.While these three topics may seem very different, after reading two articles from the New York Times and one from The New Yorker, â€Å"Technologies Help Adult Children Monitor Aging Parents† and â€Å"The Year of the Multitaskers’ Revenge,† from the TImes and â€Å"The Way We Age Now† from The New Yorker, you can see they are also alike in many ways. One similarity these three pieces of writing share is that life can be much easier with the use of technology as you age. At the work place, technology can help one stay on top of tasks he or she has to complete before the day is done with reminders on a smart phone or their work co mputer.Also, when it comes to monitoring aging parents, a reminder on any type of technology device they are able to use can help one remember to take their pills or blood pressure for example. And finally technology has improved medicine which has lead to people living longer and reaching higher ages before death. Another similarity these three articles also have in terms of technology is people may not want to be watched or monitored. Whether it be in the work place or at home no one wants to feel they are not independent and being observed at all times.At work one can be monitored by cameras and by supervisors checking their computer history. According to the article â€Å"Technologies Help Adult Children Monitor Aging Parents,† a child adult can be updated on almost everything their parent does including opening doors and cabinets, taking out pills and medication, and even what time they got out of bed. In America this may not sit well with a lot of people and can very we ll cause a person to choose not to work a this facility. It can also cause an elderly parent to look elsewhere for permanent residence.With people living longer this is becoming more likely for people to use some type of technology to monitor an elderly sibling. Efficiency is another similarity all of these articles share. Technology has helped America be more efficient. For example in the work place, one can file and keep everything organized simply by putting things into files electronically and not worrying about transferring them anywhere else by carrying them. There are different ways to transfer files such as emails and file sharing.You can even save files to a memory card or flash drive to take electronic things to go. When it comes to child adults monitoring their parents, technology can help the children by receiving updates straight to their phone about their parents needs in a stress-free manner. Lastly technology has caused medicine to make elderlies immune systems more efficient. Things like digital machines that can take blood sugar levels instead of getting a prick on your finger help efficiency, which is causing people to live longer than we are used to.Along with these similarities there are also differences, one being the elderly may not use or need technology to continue with their daily lives, but at a work place it can be mandated to use on a daily basis. Some jobs may have training for using technology and in order to get the job you may need to know how to work a computer. On the other hand an elderly person may choose to be monitored and learn how to use technology at their own free will. Other elderly people may not use any type of technology.For example, going to the doctors office and using their technology to better their health. One reason they may choose not to use technology is because it was not a part of their generation and they don't think they would find it useful. Another difference between these three writings is the types of challenges it may cause for the person using technology. In a work environment technology may cause an employee to lose focus on the job because he or she is multi-tasking or focusing on their phone, facebook, or some type of other social networking.In an elderly home, the person might not fully know how to use all the technology and this may cause some type of frustration. Not only can it be hard for them to figure it out if it gets damaged they most likely would not know how to repair it and calling some one to fix it would make them feel dependent on others. One other difference with technology from the work place and at home with an elderly parent is the kind of entertainment it provides you, or if it provides any type entertainment.At work social networks and music can help one move through the day much more smooth and rapidly. Some elderly parents or siblings can become annoyed or not even engage in any of the technology present in the house. Many elderly like to do things that have nothing to do with technology, like garden and going for walks. So even though the technology has some sort of entertainment for them they might not even use it. With medicine, pills, blood pressure cuffs, or anything else one might have to take or use for health can be very unpleasant.A result of technology is its ability to make America more efficient. It also can be beneficial to everyones life, even the people who are aging. Though there are some arguments that claim it does not always have a positive impact, like the distraction it may have during ones work day. The pros do outweigh the cons and it is better to have technology in the workplace. It is beneficial to child adults as well, if their parent lives in a different city, town, or even state they can keep up with their habits and health all through a phone or computer.Not only does it help the child but the parent as well because the parent still gets to live independently and can speak to their children quickl y and easily as long as they learn to use the technology device. Technology has also helped Americans to live longer than usual and as the technology and medicine increase so does the average age of a person passing. It can also help other people with everyday things, and it is rapidly improving from day to day. As people continue to age technology will continue to grow. As long as we keep ourselves up to date everyone can see aging and technology can go hand in hand. `

Organisational behaviour of ‘Breadtalk’ Essay

Question 1: What is Corporate Social Responsibility and how could this influence the organisational behaviour of ‘Breadtalk’? Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is where corporations or organisations are obliged to inter-relate their businesses with behaving in ethical and moral ways. It is where such corporations have notions towards having responsibility to the society that upholds them. Examples of ethical and moral ways varies from giving back to needy groups in terms of monetary funding and healthcare, to integrating CSR strategies directly into the business tactic of an organisation. By means of integrating is having â€Å"employee-friendly human resource policy where safety in workplace, social security benefit, flexible office hour, recreation and other benefits are included† (cited in The Financial Express, 2010). ‘Breadtalk’, well-known for its commitment in providing the best for its customers in different countries, have given back to the society and providing internal support throughout its company. ‘Breadtalk’ continuously provides on-the-job training and supervision for its employees, awarding opportunities for head departments to hold higher positions abroad; such as overseeing business processes. Having close human relations have forged strong ties into branching out its brand even more till ‘Breadtalk’ now operates across 17 countries and all of which are carefully chosen locations. Overseas operations are guarded by key players who are chosen with good qualifications and competent ones that work well with other key players in the company. In commemorating its 10th birthday, ‘Breadtalk’ donated $50,000 to needy school children of The Straits Times School Pocket Money Fund in Singapore from 5 cents from the sale of each Floss bun. Organisational behaviour is the study of understanding the behaviour of individuals and to see them so that organisations can relate to such behaviours that come in a variety and find solutions for them. For ‘Breadtalk’, there are many positive reviews about the company and none is seen to lead to any pitfall that might occur. On the other hand, having an uncertain future does not mean that constant learning is stopped; upgrading oneself is key for future success. Organisational behaviour for ‘Breadtalk’ have moved from traditional to re-engineered values of which have cause a more globalised mindset for the company, changing nature of work due to upgrading technology, improved knowledge management, understanding different cultures, improving employee-employer relations, having work-life balance, and all these due to an ethical managerial behaviour called Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). The efforts to find solutions for a good Organisational Behaviour have allowed proper group dynamics and a sense of motivation within the company, a few examples of such solutions, which have been evaluated from CSR. (412 words) Questions 2: Why is an understanding of cultural differences important to the Business Managers at ‘Breadtalk’? To assist the Managers of ‘Breadtalk’ to decide if they should expand to Australia, briefly describe the Australian culture? Understanding cultural differences can help avoid acts of ethnocentrism, being aware of a country’s elements of culture – language, religion, values and attributes, customs and manners, material goods, aesthetics, education; complying to cultural dimensions – power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism, masculinity; and preserving social structure. Understanding the elements of culture can avoid ethnocentrism. These elements help the understanding of cultural differences by relating to the country’s way of life. Cultural dimensions help the understanding of how people from various cultures behave and its uniqueness. In business, managers must understand the culture of other countries and l earn to accept them. In this process, managers have to fight against ethnocentrism and understand the social structure of the host countries. The Aussie culture is a fast-paced, self-absorbed society, typical in the urbanized world. The influences of aborigines’ culture give the outlook of Australia as casual and friendly. It’s a fair country allowing its people to make their own decisions at a young age. Both men and women gain equal rights in education and work. At young ages of 18 can one enter into a full-time profession of their choice. Retirement has no obligatory age. In terms of time and punctuality for business engagements, Aussies are deemed acceptable. In business, it’s generally â€Å"expected that production and service deadlines will be met whilst long delays are considered unacceptable† (cited in Australia Society and Culture Complete Report, 2010). Social engagements are equally important to be on time. The pros of expansion will be tapping on a wider consumer experience, increasing benefits in many areas, increased popularity, increased chances of joint-ventures and opportunities. The cons of expansion will be on-going competition if unresolved at lower stages of expansion, increased capital costs, reduced performance from foreign agents, conflicts of interests and objectives. Thoughts of expansion can be pondered on. From an interview with ‘BreadTalk’s’ management personnel, the brand would not branch abroad to a country unqualified in meeting the standards and demands required. Looking at the consumer size, it is rewarding if outlets branch into Australia. Although, looking at the needs and demands of the Australian community for food sources, specifically bread, competition is highly foreseeable. ‘Breadtalk’ having its many successes as of now is seen sufficient for the company. Its culture of branching out in Asia is seen a lot. Many hope to see the company’s success diverts into that direction. If it is for the best of ‘Breadtalk’, expansion into Australia can be a future food for thought. (410 words) (Total: 822 words) References Tan, Mindy. (2011) Active in talent management : BreadTalk Group CFO Catherine Lee tells MINDY TAN why CFOs are most suited to take on this important task. The Business Times, (accessed May 10, 2012) http://www.proquest.com.libproxy.nlb.gov.sg/ Bayoud, N., M. Kavanagh, and G. Slaughter. (2012) Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosure and Employee Commitment: Evidence from Libya. International Journal of Economics and Finance 4, no. 5, (accessed May 10, 2012) http://www.proquest.com.libproxy.nlb.gov.sg/ Tan, Benjamin. (2012) Deft dough-maker. The Business Times, (accessed May 10, 2012) http://www.proquest.com.libproxy.nlb.gov.sg/ BreadTalk Group Limited â€Å"Our Company†. http://www.breadtalk.com/business-overview.html Peck Ming, Chuang. (2012) PM has straightforward message for companies and workers :Firms must think long-term, workers must upgrade skills. The Business Times, (accessed May 10, 2012) http://www.proquest.com.libproxy.nlb.gov.sg/ Express, The Financial. (2010) CSR soars, benefits all. 2012. The Financial Express, (accessed May 10, 2012) http://www.proquest.com.libproxy.nlb.gov.sg/ Wei Sheng, Lim. (2012) How important is ethics in business strategy? The Business Times, (accessed May 10, 2012) http://www.proquest.com.libproxy.nlb.gov.sg/ McGraw, P., and S. Dabski. (2010) CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY REPORTING IN AUSTRALIA’S LARGEST COMPANIES. Labour & Industry 21, no. 1: 390-409, (accessed May 10, 2012) http://www.proquest.com.libproxy.nlb.gov.sg/ Nair, Suja R. (2010) Organisational Behaviour. Mumbai: Global Media Express, The Financial. (2012) Nestle’s own style of CSR. The Financial Express, (accessed May 10, 2012) http://www.proquest.com.libproxy.nlb.gov.sg/ Ngee Ann Polytechnic. (2011) Cultural Awareness. International Business: Chapter 4-6. Singapore: Ngee Ann Polytechnic Press, World Trade. (2010) Australia Society and Culture Complete Report. California: World Trade Press Sharmayne Saunders. (2012) Corporate Social Responsibility: A Helping Hand for a Better Belize. International Journal of Business and Social Science 3, no. 9: 174-175, (accessed May 10, 2012) http://www.proquest.com.libproxy.nlb.gov.sg/ Wright, N., and H. Be nnett. (2011) Business ethics, CSR, sustainability and the MBA. Journal of Management and Organization 17, no. 5: 641-655, (accessed May 10, 2012) http://www.proquest.com.libproxy.nlb.gov.sg/

Intangible Asset or Liability Essay

CSR requires organizations to adopt a broader view of its responsibilities that includes not only stockholders, but many other constituencies as well, including employees, suppliers, customers, the local community, local, state, and federal governments, environmental groups, and other special interest groups. Although CSR is often spoken of as if it were a relatively new concept, it is in fact an idea with a long pedigree. In the 1950s, the chief executive officer of the American retailer Sears said that the â€Å"four parties to any business in the order of their importance† were â€Å"customers, employees, community and stockholders†. Current discussions about CSR evoke old questions about the place of corporations in society, the manner in which corporations are governed, and the ways in which corporate governance arrangements do not compel corporations to respond to claims from society, in addition to claims from shareholders. While CSR is an old idea, its emergence as a significant factor in relation to corporate decision-making is relatively new. The old idea – CSR – has been rising over the past 10 years or so to a prominent place on the corporate agenda. The world is witnessing what appears to be a transformation in popular views about the role of business in society that is on a par with major shifts in attitude, at other points in history, about large issues such as racial discrimination, the environment, and the role of women. By the end of that decade, popular opinion about the role of business in society had evolved to a point which suggested a widespread rejection of Friedman’s â€Å"the business of business is business† dictum. The reason for the shift can be attributed to various factors such as; globalization, loss of trust, society activism, and institutional investor interest in CSR. These trends suggest that there is both a growing perception that corporations must be more accountable to society for their actions, and a growing willingness and capacity within society to impose accountability on corporations. This has profound implications for corporate governance. CSR in India With the retreat of the state in economic activity in India, the imperative for business to take up wider social responsibilities is growing. The situation is complex and India is facing a compounded set of corporate responsibility challenges. At all levels, there is a felt need for companies to graduate to strategic interventions in CSR, which at present in many cases remain ad hoc. There are many companies that may spend for long-term development. A sense of strategic direction is a vital component in an effective approach to corporate responsibility. Yet, for all these signs of progress, CSR in India has yet to realize its full potential. Individual and collaborative initiatives continue to be dominated by self-assertion rather than accountability. There is certainly no lack of CSR programs and projects in India: what is absent, however, are clear metrics for evaluating their actual impact in improving social conditions. Many Indian business houses, private sector and public sector companies have undertaken major initiatives till date and have adopted several modes of practice related to CSR in India. Several innovative measures have also been adopted by companies towards the institutionalization of CSR that includes CSR initiatives by Lupin, Cipla, Ranbaxy, NIIT, TCS, BPCL, and Ion Exchange. To understand the current status of CSR in India, it is important first to map out the landscape and identify the main families of corporate responsibility. For long-established industrial dynasties, such as the Birlas and the Tatas, concepts of nation- building and trusteeship have been alive in their operations long before CSR become a popular cause.

Descartes Myth-Gilbert Ryle

Descartes Myth Gilbert Ryle Gilbert Ryle is a professor who challenged the beliefs of Descartes and his theory on mind-body-separation, he organized them into four doctrines, and they are as follows: The Official Doctrine: This part deals with the human body and mind, how they are interconnected but still different at the same time. He displays the physical human body to be a public affair and something that all in this world can visually see; the mind however, is a much more private and personal affair. With this belief, humans can have two parts: mind (private) and body (public), these parts play different roles as one can affect the other or completely disguise the other. Ryle states that Descartes may have uncertainties about episodes in the physical world, but does not have any uncertainties when analyzing the state of his mind. For example, say Bob’s mind is expressed, no one but Bob will be able to respond to these expressions (feelings). Changes in both of the worlds can affect one another through the physical and intellectual (mind) aspects and challenges that one may face in their lifetime. The Absurdity of the Official Doctrine: The idea of mind-body separation seems absurd to Ryle which is why he refers to it as â€Å"The Dogma of the Ghost in the Machine†. He believes that this idea contains categorical mistakes (when one recognizes the parts and not the entity). For example, say Bob is showing his friend around the mall, he shows him the stores, the food court and the lounge, but his friend still questions Bob into asking him what the mall is? He sees all the different components to it, but he did not connect the different parts of the mall to collectively create the mall. Theoretical Categorical mistakes can be understood by Ryle’s reference to ‘John Dowe’ , even though John Dowe really doesn’t exist and is just a normal human being, people assimilate it to a certain human who attains these characteristics. Origin of Category Mistake: In relation to the above belief, he believes that the mind and body arise during the maturity of science. Science helped for society to evolve and understand certain things about life without a religious motive. (1) The mind is not matter, in space or under public observation (2) Physical world is determined (3) ————————————————- There is no moral values applicable (4) How can one be morally responsible if they are simply mechanical beings Ryle believes that Descartes made the assumption that mind and body are separate too quick, as they seem to be more correlated. Before a category is assumed, one must tackle and try to solve it first. Ryle gives the example from a person buying a pair of gloves, and says it would be an error to say that the person bought a right handed glove or a left handed glove, but not both. Historical Note: The implications of ‘myths’ are explained to show that they do in fact portray theoretical good. Science and moral also deal with Descartes beliefs and teachings. WC:509

Knowledge managment MBA Level Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Knowledge managment MBA Level - Assignment Example It is because of these problems that knowledge management (which entails generation and Embedment of knowledge into the operations of these construction organisations) has been enhanced. Regardless of the fact that generation and Embedment of knowledge in these organizations is of great importance, their implementation is also faced with challenges such as mistrust, and poor management of knowledge among others. Introduction Construction projects have become very dynamic and complicated in the recent times such that managers of these projects face great challenges in managing the current projects (Bektas, Heintz, & Wamelink 2007). Normally, construction companies as well as their employees perform activities as well as tasks associated with project management based on the past experience instead of following or using approaches prescribed in textbooks (Sydow, Lindkvist, & DeFillippi 2004). They also prefer these carrying out project management activities based on their past work expe riences to utilizing analytical approach. Also, costs associated with retaining, recruiting and attracting employees who are talented and experienced is normally high. This fact is further complicated by fact that in the recent times construction companies have been losing some of their most talented, skilled, experienced and knowledgeable employees to other industries as well as to other competing construction companies (Bektas, Heintz, & Wamelink 2007). One of the ways of ensuring that the skills, knowledge and experience related to managing these projects are retained is by knowledge management. Knowledge is normally considered is one of the most essential factors in project management as well as managements associated with decision making processes (Anumba , Egbu & Carillo 2005). Knowledge also ensures that construction companies have competitive advantage while carrying out construction projects. Therefore, knowledge management would ensure that knowledge and experience related to managing these projects are distributed and utilized accordingly (Sydow, Lindkvist, & DeFillippi 2004). Regardless of the fact that generation and embedment of knowledge in these organizations is of great importance, their implementation is also faced with challenges and threats. This research paper, therefore, aims at identifying challenges and opportunities that confront project-based organisations. The research paper will also identify some of the challenges that face generation and embedment knowledge into the operations of these organizations in the construction industry. Challenges facing project-based organizations Before discussing the challenges that face project based organizations it is important that the meaning of expression â€Å"project-based organization† is understood. According to Sydow, Lindkvist, & DeFillippi (2004), project-based organizations are those organizations that involve themselves with temporary projects or temporary project tasks such as co nstruction activities. These organizations are the common phenomenon in construction industry, and are normally faced with a number of challenges. The challenges or dilemmas that normally face project-based organizations are discussed in the preceding paragraphs. One major challenges that faces project-based organization is dilemmas associated with their practices and the need theory. According to Syd

Finance-Whether to undertake a project or not Research Paper

Finance-Whether to undertake a project or not - Research Paper Example As per the latest audited financial statement of the company (for the financial year ended 201), the company employees more than 164,000 and has more than 70 operational plants worldwide in six continents. Ford Motors well established business attracts a great deal of consumer base irrespective of demography. The primary business of the company comprises of high end state of the art cars both for the individual as well as for the industrial use. The company, through its resilient and effective marketing tactics, has able to capture significant market shares in the automotive industry worldwide. Following is an extract from the financial statement of the company which presents the movement in the market share of the company for the current financial year of 2011 The company divides its revenue into two broad segments which are through automotive and through financial services. The automotive structure is further divided into four segments of 1) Ford North America, 2) Ford South Americ a, 3) Ford Europe, and 4) Ford Asia Pacific Africa. Whereas, the ford financial services are divided into 1) Ford Credit, and 2) Other Financial Services. The company has improved its asset allocation strategy and has also rejuvenated its business strategy and global competitive strategy. The proactive approach has resulted in an increase of 5.7% in sales revenue from the automotive and financial services business. The financial year 2011 proved to be another progressive year for Ford Motor Company. During the current year, the company’s revenue increased by 5.7% during the current year to an impressive $136,264 million which has caused the operating profit to increase by a staggering 21%. The company, following its growth strategy, aspires transform its operation into multi channel business. The company has taken major steps in investing its direct sales business which enhanced the revenue during the current financial year. In addition, the company is actively following its strategy of refurbishing its plants and giving them a new and improved look. The refurbishment has resulted in an increased production capacity and has created a more opportunities for the company. The following table compares the financial results of Ford Motor Company, for the financial year 2011 with that of the year 2010. As quite evident from the above comparison, the financial outlook of the company has improved. The increase in group revenue primarily pertains to the increase in like-for-like sales as well as the addition of new plants and outlets, both in and outside of North America. Since Ford Motor Company do a significant number of its sales overseas, the company’s revenue is majorly increased due to the fluctuation in exchange rate. Although the recent credit crisis and global economic meltdown proved to be a hurdle, but the impact was offset by prudent risk management and apt allocation of capital investment. The gross profit to sales ratio for the year ended De cember 31, 2011 was 6.37% which has decreased by notably during the current year. The increase in the profit is due to the fact that during the current year the company did not spend any exceptional cost which it incurred during the prior year on strategic restructure. In addition, the company took strong measures to control its finance cost during the

Art History - Romanticism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Art History - Romanticism - Essay Example The Romantic Movement featured phrases like romantic originality, romantic composers, romantic originality, romantic thinkers, and not limited to the romantic era. The definition of romanticism initiates with nature and irrationality. Romanticism freed individuals and art from the contemporary thinking of the mid 19th century and late 19th century, which was judgmental and restrictive. The following philosophers and writers greatly influenced the growth of the Romantic Movement, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Johann Arthur Schopenhauer, Wolfgang von Goethe and Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche. These philosophers believed and emphasized on the fact that an individual’s emotions and feelings were fundamental in the process of searching for truth in the universe. Romantic literature as a form of romanticism stressed on the idea of the inner self, the dream and the intrinsic part of the individual. In romantic literature, the visionary and imaginary part of the individual was exposed this was contrary to the contemporary thinking, which blindly, focused on traditions. In romantic literature, the church faced a huge criticism since it was judgmental and restrictive. Individuals indulged in romantic literature since it brought them on the verge of exemplifying their inner feelings and experiences. The Romantic Movement allowed individuals and more specifically, artist to focus on what they perceived without guilt or facing criticism. â€Å"The sublime† was a strong phrase when it came to the practice of romantic literature.... Romantic literature Romantic literature as a form of romanticism stressed on the idea of the inner self, the dream and the intrinsic part of the individual. In romantic literature, the visionary and imaginary part of the individual was exposed this was contrary to the contemporary thinking, which blindly, focused on traditions. In romantic literature, the church faced a huge criticism since it was judgmental and restrictive. Individuals indulged in romantic literature since it brought them on the verge of exemplifying their inner feelings and experiences. The Romantic Movement allowed individuals and more specifically, artist to focus on what they perceived without guilt or facing criticism. â€Å"The sublime† was a strong phrase when it came to the practice of romantic literature as it included emotional experiences such as horror, awe and magnificence. The ultimate basis of romantic literature was the indulgence in emotions and feelings, as it was seen to be important than a nalysis and logical thinking. A further analysis reveals that in romantic literature senses were important that intellect. Romantic literature aimed at eradicating the premise that materialism, empiricism, rationalism and idealism was important than emotions, feelings and irrationality (Riou 156). 2 Romanticism and nature The world around us better known as nature was highly used in the romantic era to help in defining romanticism. Romantics embraced nature as a definite work of art. Romantics expressed that any reasoning or analysis regarding nature put across by traditional thinking was short of the transcendence that nature depicted in terms of

Change Work Diversity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Change Work Diversity - Essay Example An organization could be structured to make sure that each department runs autonomously, but also collaborates with others to achieve its objectives. The structural breakdown in an organization is essential in ensuring accountability of each department so that the areas of weakness could be detected and corrected early. This is important for the growth and development of the organization. Sometimes, various departments may initiate competition aimed at increasing the overall productivity in the organization. In such scenario, none of the departments would lag behind in adopting progressive approaches to develop the respective section (Bartlett & Beamish 2011, p.74). One could understand the kind of interdepartmental relationships that the organization has. For instance, the human resource, finance and production departments are very critical to the organization and have to work closely to make sure that the company achieves its objectives. Moreover, they have to relate to other depar tments so that the production system does not halt. The procurement department also works closely with the production and export counterparts to harmonize the production system. On the other hand, the IT department also works closely with that of training, research and development to increase innovation and improve efficiency. Finally, all the departments have to coordinate with security docket to ensure that the operation is not threatened from external aggression and internal conflict. Implementing a Resource Accountability Matrix (RAM/RACI) In project management, resource accountability matrix is a way of ensuring transparency in implementing the project. Accountability reduces the amount of resources being wastage because the managers would utilize the available materials prudently. It shows commitment of the managers as they implement the project and it outlines the materials to be used (Hochschild 1983, p.64). This makes such information available for the people affected by th e project. The matrix includes a number of variables, which have to be applied in project management. For instance, the performance data during the project’s implantation is crucial when analyzing and presenting the achievements and steps made by the implementers. Similarly, project allocations are equally important when evaluating resource accountability so that the financiers might consider extending the aid or intervention. In order to ensure accountability, awarded amounts for each program from resource acquisition to its completion must be documented. This includes the cost of labor, procurement of materials and transportation cost. The contract period should be clear to facilitate planning and accountability for the available resources. This is significant because it facilitates the distribution of available fund equally during the project. Mostly, projects depend on the available funds to finance its projections, depending on the period it will last. Moreover, projects that cover large area are difficult to manage if the implementers are not conversant with the program units. Each unit must be accounted for, including its budget, accessibility and the kind of activity to be carried out there. Resource accountability matrix encompasses the management of the project materials and funds to ensure its successful completion (Bateman & Snell 2010, p.112). Analysis of the British Airways Change Management Plan In making sure that the British Airways achieves its change management plans, it has to consider the

Project management---management of project organization Essay - 3

Project management---management of project organization - Essay Example These include space shuttle programs and humanitarian projects. In such projects anything can go wrong, therefore planning, execution, and management has to be as efficient as possible. The room for error in a space shuttle program is very small compared to that of, say, an agricultural project. In the former, everything from conceptualization to implementation has to be done to the highest standards, meaning more resources and personnel are required. In addition, much better management of those resources and personnel is vital. Professional bureaucracy best describes the organizational form of a research university (e.g. Harvard or USyd). This is because the characteristics of a professional bureaucracy correspond to the nature and structure of a research university. These characteristics are, as described by Minztberg, â€Å"decentralized and coordinated through standardization of skills. In its operating cores are a group of highly trained specialists/professionals who have considerable operating authority in their work. Much of the power rests with the professionals and they collectively control (as in professional partnership structure) the administrative apparatus (Strategic Apex). It is typically supported by relatively large number of staff to carry out routine tasks and to leverage the high- priced professionals in general. The employees typically operate in a complex and stable environment. It adapts to complexity through extensive training of staff while adapts to stability by developing standar d operating procedures. Age and size are not important design factors†. On the other hand, adhocracy best describes the organizational form of a project based organization. This is because the characteristics of a project based organization correspond to those as described by Minztberg, which are â€Å"typically operates in a complex and dynamic environment that demands innovative solutions. It relies on mutual adjustment for

Personal statement for Finance (NOT ACCOUNTING) program at Imperial Essay

Personal statement for Finance (NOT ACCOUNTING) program at Imperial College - Essay Example While in China, I had the opportunity to work at Volunteer Union, Suzhou, for the old people. I also worked as a journalist for XJTLU University in Xian. I could do fairly well as a journalist, and some of my works got published in the official website of the university those days. All these areas helped me to get along with people and sustain confidence in everything I do. I was always crazy plying with numbers. During my graduation, I was very particular with the subject that even the solution to an easy puzzle would give me a lot of delight. The reason why I love to select finance as my subject is I want to concentrate on the unpredictable financial market situations in order to make stock analyses based on the market environment that involves a lot of mathematical calculations and analyses. To get real life experiences and additional knowledge on my prospective career, I have made visits to actual financial markets and travelled through markets like Shaanxi Finance Radio, Huatai Security Company and Agriculture Bank of China. Admittedly, my internships added to my experience and I clearly understood the required level of expertise a person must possess in order for working in financial markets. After two years’ major education in China, I left for Liverpool for continuing the rest of it in September 2010. My two years experience in the UK helped me to adjust with strange cultures and to take up a different view on urban and finance culture. This knowledge in cultural diversity is essential for one to act in response to the present financial problems in the modern economy especially in financial markets. I have the strong hope that Imperial College London with its fortunate reputation in academic world can help me to develop my skills and employability across a wide range of industries. The subjects like statistics, economics, securities market and financial mathematics that I studied during my

Structural analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Structural analysis - Essay Example Assuming the average mass of adult to be 70 kilograms. Therefore, his weight shall be given by Weight= mass* acceleration due to gravity Weight= 70Kg*9.8N/Kg =686N The system is designed to carry three adults but the distance from each one is not specified .Therefore I treat their net weight to acting on the beam as a load equally distributed at 7.5 cm from end R1 indicated by force F1 which is technically equal to F2. Force F1 is given by; [? (the average weight of the three adults)] ? 2 (686?3) N ?2=1029 N Shear forces at the extreme ends of the beam are equal to the opposite reaction forces. The shear forces at any point on the beam is calculatable by using the formula F(x) = Rl –qx= qL/2 –qx= q [L/2 -x] whereby x is the distance from the left end of the beam, L the length of the entire beam and q the load on the beam F (0.075) =1029[1.8?2-0.075] = 848.925 The shearing force (SF) within any given party of the beam illustrates the tendency for the section of the beam on either side of the cross-section to slide or shear laterally in relation to other ends. The diagram shows the sitting beam in which the weights are distributed across it. The three adults will be assumed to be of load W1, W2, and W3 W1 W2 W3 The swing is supported on both ends by the other beams placed vertically to the sitting beam. The two ends in which the beam is supported is of reaction R1 and R2. Assuming the beam is split into two sections at point p. the resultant of the loads, reaction acting on the left of point p is F vertically upwards, and because the entire beam is uniform, the resultant force to the right of P should be F downwards. In this case, F is refers to the shearing force at the reaction P. usually the shearing force at any given part of the beam gives the algebraic sum of the lateral elements of the forces acting on each part of the beam. For bending moments, in the same approach it may that when the bending moments (BM) of the forces acting to the left pa rt of point P are clockwise then the bending moments of the forces on the right side should be in anticlockwise direction as indicated. Bending moment at given point is stated as the algebraic total of moments about a part of the entire forces acting in opposite directions. In a swing the bending moments are taken to be positive because when three adults sits on it, the total weights acts downwards and this is balance by the upward force from the two support chains on either side of the beam. The adults force gives the beam a clockwise push while the side chains give it an anticlockwise force. The results of this system are known as a sagging bending moment because it attempts to make the beam concave at the center. Fixing moments has to be determined in this system and work on the types of loads acting on it. It is also necessary to note that it is not possible to achieve a faultless fixing moment or the joining moment used will be associated to the angular movement of the supporti ng or reaction forces. Assuming that the adults sit adjacent to one another at point x of the beam We will let the shearing force at point X be F and at x = dx be F + dF. Equivalently, the bending moment is at M at x and M + dM at x + dx. Taking w as the mean estimate of loading of the beam length, the sum load is wdx,