Tax Assessment And Its Effects On Today s Taxation Policy...

Tax assessment has always been a hotly debated issue in economic. We all know that it costs a lot to run a household. In the same sense, it costs a lot of money for a government to run a country. This is why taxation is necessary. Through taxation, a government can compensate their spending and fund the social services that benefit most of the society. High tax can compensate the government spending while may curb investment. A question always being raised is that how to impose an appropriate and efficient tax without harming our economy and what subjects are best to be taxed. We can find the answer from the analyses on different approaches to taxation by Adam Smith and David Ricardo throwback a century ago. Their analyses still have a far-reaching impact on today’s taxation policy. Adam Smith discusses different strategies for levying a tax in his book â€Å"Wealth of Nations†. Smith calls attention to that the state can raise money through five different channels: tax es on the rent of land, taxes upon the rent of the house, taxes upon profit, taxes upon the wages of labour and taxes upon consumable commodities. One way for Smith to evaluate those five different taxation channels is that whether they satisfy the four basic maxims for taxation he made. For a tax to be considered good and efficient, it needs to meet the following four basic principles raised by Smith: â€Å"I. The subjects of every state outhg to contribute towards the support of the government, asShow MoreRelatedFederal And State Taxes Into A Single Tax Essay1353 Words   |  6 Pages6. Amalgamating several central and state taxes into a single tax would help mitigate the double taxation, leading to a common national market. From the consumer’s point of view, the advantage would be in terms of a reduction in the overall tax burden on the goods, which is currently estimated at 25% to 30%. 7. Reduction in prices: - manufactures and trades would not have to include taxes as a part of their cost of production, which would lead to reduction in prices. 8. Lower compliance and proceduralRead MorePhilippine Tax System Assessment2678 Words   |  11 Pagesâ€Å"TAX SYSTEM OF THE PHILIPPINES: ITS ASSESSMENT† I. INTRODUCTION Taxation: Defined As defined by Cooley, taxation is the process or means by which the sovereign, through its law-making body, raises income to defray the necessary expenses of government. It is expressed in another way as a method of apportioning the cost of government among those who in some measure are privileged to enjoy its benefits and must, therefore, bear its burdens. In order to finance the necessary expenses of the governmentRead MoreTax System and Its Impact on Malaysias Economy3546 Words   |  14 PagesTax System and its impact on Malaysias Economy Table of Contents Tax System and its impact on Malaysias Economy 3 Introduction 3 Country Profile 3 Different Tax System in Malaysia 5 Imputation system 5 Single Tier system: 5 Income Subject to tax 6 Capital Gains or RPGT 7 Taxation of Employer - Provided stock option 7 Income Tax Rates 9 Tax Filing and Payment Procedure 10 Tax Treaties 11 Imputation system 11 Income Subject to Tax 11 Asset Depreciation 12 RoyaltiesRead MoreRenewable Energy1335 Words   |  6 Pagesthe CO2 and absorbs back when their feedstock is growing, so the net effect on the atmosphere is zero. In contrast, the combustion of fossil fuels release greenhouse gases to the ozone and contribute to climate change by affecting the composition of our atmosphere. The National Center for Atmospheric Research conclude, there is no doubt that the composition of the atmosphere is changing because of human activities, and today greenhouse gases are the largest human influence on global climate[2]Read MoreCultural, Economic, Political and Industrial Relation Factors to Consider a Chinese Steel Factory Must Consider to Invest in Britain or Sweden1731 Words   |  7 Pagesgovernment owned, it is also highly subsidised, contrary to basic market forces. Any new production facility would elicit concerns that the company would be operating at the behest of the Chinese government rather than market principles. (Industry Today, 201 1). If this were to happen, the Steel Company would fall foul of UK anti competition laws, which prohibit anti-competitive practises (Smith, 2012). Despite this, the UK has few barriers to FDI; also, the UK is currently well served in the steelRead MoreIca Gh Syslabus26672 Words   |  107 PagesQuantitative Tools in Business Audit and Internal Review Business and Corporate Law Principles and Practice of Taxation PART 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Financial Reporting Public Sector Accounting Cost and Management Accounting Financial Management PART 4 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Advanced Financial Reporting Advanced Audit and Professional Ethics Corporate Strategy and Governance Advanced Tax Planning and Fiscal Policy Review of Qualifying Examinations Syllabus May 2010 Proposed Transitional Arrangements 1 2 3 4 11Read MoreFederal Tax And Federal Income Tax3069 Words   |  13 PagesTo most, the term federal income tax is just paying the government or money they don’t get. But in government and the world of finance, it is major and involved idea which involves a great deal of focus and discussion. The United States’ federal income tax is a complex system which is a necessary function of the government. A taxable amount is determined on income, and it creates taxation for the government to accumulate money. There are many factors that play into the complexity of the system whichRead MoreThe Working of the Multiplier5519 Words   |  23 Pagesis the propensity to consume domestically produced goods and services, the greater is the multiplier effect. The government can influence the size of the multiplier through changes in direct taxes. For example, a cut in the basic rate of income tax will increase the amount of extra income that can be spent on further goods and services. Another factor affecting the size of the multiplier effect is the propensity to purchase imports. If, out of extra income, people spend money on imports, this demandRead MoreTransfer Pricing20501 Words   |  83 PagesTransfer Pricing in Developing Countries An Introduction Topics 1. Abstract 2. International tax law its sources 3. Brief history of International Tax Law 4. Who gets the pie? 5. Arm s length principle : Cornerstone of International Tax Law 6. Transfer pricing methods 7. Problems with of source taxation of MNE s 8. Internet e-commerce : Achilles heel of current International taxation regime? 9. Formulary Apportionment (FA) 10. Existing uses of Formulary Apportionment systems in the worldRead MoreThe Oil Curse Essay2359 Words   |  10 Pagesof the world’s entire oil resources, and today the country produces about 10,000 barrels a day. As a result, the valuable resource currently accounts for 90% of the country’s exports and contributes to 75% of government revenues annually. During the 1970s, following the Arab-Israeli war, Saudi Arabia’s economy was one of the fastest growing in the world due to a sharp increase in the value of petroleum. Despite its thriving economy, Saudi Arabia today ranks 82nd in the world on the Index of Economic

The Silent Harm of Plagiarism Essay - 1009 Words

What comes to one’s mind when we think about plagiarism, many people may think of theft or the act of stealing intellectual property. According to Webster-Merriams’ dictionary, plagiarism is â€Å"the act stealing and passing off (the ideas and words of others) as one’s own† (Webster-Merriam). Webster seems to have left a little something out. Plagiarism is not just the act of stealing one’s work. It is also the result of ethical deterioration of academic integrity. In the discussion of plagiarism, a controversial issue is whether plagiarism is taken seriously enough and whether the consequences are severe enough. Many people assume the obvious — that the consequences of plagiarism result in a letter grade deduction on a paper or a complete†¦show more content†¦In the data collected by Hard, a drastic 60.6 percent of students had copied sentences, phrases, paragraphs, tables, figures, or data directly or in slight modification of a b ook, article, or other academic sources without giving proper acknowledgment to the author (Hard 1069). This statistically illustrates that plagiarizing has become acceptable among most young adults. In sum, the main issues are the deteriorated integrity of the student when plagiarism occurs and degenerated ethics that happen to lessen one’s morals. The standard views toward plagiarism are obviously seen to carry a negative stigma. Not too many people view plagiarism as a proud action. Why is it that plagiarism now a days is somewhat socially acceptable, but still in our academic culture viewed as cheating and consequently unethical? The Internet is the main breeding ground for plagiarism and the wonderful characteristics of the Internet makes plagiarism a lot easier. Ultimately, what is at stake here is that one will plagiarize from the pressure of achievement and, sadly, the detrimental retribution is the decline of moral philosophy. According to Dordoy 2002 survey, fifty-n ine percent of students plagiarized because they want to get a better grade. Conversely fifty-four percent plagiarized because of laziness (Hart 91). The risk of plagiarizing is drastically raised when the consequencesShow MoreRelatedPlagiarism and the Deterioration of Ethical Values Essay1007 Words   |  5 PagesWhat comes to ones mind when we think about plagiarism, according to Webster-Merriams’ dictionary plagiarism is â€Å"the act stealing and passing off (the ideas and words of others) as ones own† (Webster-Merriam). Webster seems to have left a little something out, plagiarism is not just the act of stealing ones work, it is also the result of ethical deterioration of academic integrity. In discussion of plagiarism, a controversial issue is whether plagiarism is taken serious enough and what the severityRead MoreA Motivated Tactitian3391 Words   |  14 Pagescharacteristics and is usually rare to encounter. However, there are other levels to automatic proc essing that must be accounted for: subliminal priming, conscious priming, and chronic accessibility. Subliminal priming suggests that free will is operating at a silent level, whereas conscious priming reflects postconscious automaticity with awareness of effects on reactions. Finally, chronic accessibility refers to proceduralization tasks apparent in a routine lifestyle. Each level represents an increase in levelRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography: Plagiarism39529 Words   |  158 Pagesï » ¿Plagiarism Bibliography Buckwalter, J. A., Wright, T., Mogoanta, L. and Alman, B. (2012), Plagiarism: An assault on the integrity of scientific research. J. Orthop. Res., 30:  1867 1868. Granitz, N. and Loewy, D. (2007). Applying Ethical Theories: Interpreting and Responding to Student Plagiarism. Journal of Business Ethics, 72(3), 293-306. Luke, B. and Kearins, K. (2012), Attribution of words versus attribution of responsibilities: Academic plagiarism and university practice. Vaccine, 30(50):Read MoreStudy Guide Essay25129 Words   |  101 Pages350 - 500 words or 1 - 2 pages. †¢ Graduate courses: 500 - 750 words or 2 - 3 pages. †¢ Doctoral courses: 750 - 1000 words or 4 - 5 pages. Plagiarism All work must be free of any form of plagiarism. Put written answers into your own words. Do not simply cut and paste your answers from the Internet and do not copy your answers from the textbook. Plagiarism consists of taking and using the ideas, writings or inventions of another, without giving credit to that person and presenting it as one’s ownRead MoreQuestions On The Rights Law Essay6983 Words   |  28 PagesName of Student: GROUP TWO Registration Number: N/A College: HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES School: LAW Department: COMMERCIAL LAW Course Name: GPR 605: HUMAN RIGHTS LAW Title of the work: ASSIGNMENT FOUR DECLARATION 1. We understand what Plagiarism is and are aware of the University’s policy in this regard. 2. We declare that this ASSIGNMENT (Thesis, project, essay, assignment, paper, report, etc) is our original work and has not been submitted elsewhere for examination, award of a degreeRead MoreSience23554 Words   |  95 Pageswas written by an employee on EPA time, but on his own initiative and not qualified to do so, and so couldn’t be published by the EPA and therefore  was not suppressed. Furthermore, as the previous link finds, the report contained large pieces of plagiarism. In addition, the  report was flawed  as  RealClimte.org  quickly showed. The headlines about this episode talked of â€Å"suppression† and would likely increase the view amongst those still skeptical about climate change. Corrections to those headlinesRead MoreMarketing Management130471 Words   |  522 PagesThese factors include economic conditions, legal issues, technological developments, social/cultural changes, and many more. While not controllable, these external factors must be monitored and dealt with since these can potentially cause considerable harm to the organization. Ignoring outside elements also can lead to missed opportunities in the market especially if competitors are the first to take advantage of the opportunities. As part of the strategic and tactical planning process discussed aboveRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pages(ibid, pp. 58–59). At first thought, such aims might seem harmless – surely, social progress can be achieved by deploying social scientific knowledge in such a manner, and is this not the whole purpose of social theory anyway? Popper, however, remains silent regarding the institutional processes by which social engineering might be done. For instance, he ignores the issue of whose perceived urgent ‘question’ or ‘problem’ is the social scientist to apply himself or herself to in the development of viable

Fundamentals of Investing Valuation and Management

Question: Discuss about theFundamentals of Investing forValuation and Management. Answer: Introduction: Evaluating the Investments of Mr. Z: Investment per sq ft price per sq ft Amount Expected rent Property 1 1,200 SGD 2,200 SGD 2,640,000 SGD 6,500 SGD 9,500 Property 2 1,000 SGD 2,500 SGD 2,500,000 SGD 7,500 SGD 9,800 Current share price Net Book Value Price to book ratio Dividend yield (%) Average Traded Volume D-REIT 1.8 1.9 0.795 1.75 12.5mn Bounty ltd 1.2 1.6 0.75 2.25 1.5mn C-REIT 1.75 1.5 1.167 4.5 5.5mn able ltd 17 18.8 0.95 5.75 20.0mn Recommendations The different type of investment proposals shall have to be evaluated in order to assist Mr. Z to select the best investment opportunity. As such, this shall assist Mr. Z in determining the best investment opportunity in D- REIT since it yields the best possible value of S$1.90 without any monthly rentals paid. Here the assets are comprised of retail malls as well as office blocks. The following are the three vital recommendations, which can be formed in order to help Mr Z. The purchase of D-REIT securities, the yield after two successive years shall be 24%. In such a manner, the annual return for investment yields up to 12%. In such a manner, the Net book value of assets shall amount to 1.9M. In this regard, it can be said that the market is in a development phase and shall help the business enterprise in the development of the goals and the objectives of the business entity. As such, this shall be a profitable sector for investment for Mr. Z. The investment in D- REIT shall be offered 100% protection through the insurance. As such, this shall help to achieve profitability and growth in an intensely competitive market. The amount of return generated in the first year shall match with the expectations of Mr Z. As such, it shall be 12% in the first year. The return generated at the end of first years shall be 13%. The investment shall be made over a period of Two years in the accounting year. Smart et al. (2013) stated that the investment proposal should have to be analyzed to match with the expectations of the business entity. The free risk currency and the real estate operations shall help the business entity to attain the goals and the objectives of the business entity. The return due to the investment is dependent on the economy of the business entity. Garff (2013) stated that the productivity of the securities should depend on the economic condition of the consumers and the amount of market transactions in a particular period of time. Investment Merits There shall be certain high return of that shall have an impact on the operational policies of the business entity. The component of D-REIT shall have to state the operational strategies of the business entity. The net book value in the organization shall have be 1.90, which can be stated as substantial when compared to the other assets in the organization. Joehnk (2013) stated that the insurance companies that would protect the company in the case of any financial losses should protect the investment. The security of D-REIT shall be composed of various other factors that have an impact on the operational policies of the business entity. Graff (2013) stated that the global financial market would have to operate in a financially vulnerable market. As such, this shall have an impact on the operational policies of the business entity. The last transacted price is 1.80, which is considerably lower than the market price of the organization. Thus, this shall help Mr .Z to invest in a considerably lower market share. This shall serve the client in two ways. Titman and Martin (2014) mentioned that this should not have a negative impact on the inherent financial condition of the business entity. A existing dividend yield of 5.75% for the organization shall help Mr. Z to profit financially. Finally, the return on market share is substantial when compared to other shares in the global market. In addition, the security can be considered stable and it operates in the real estate market. As such, it is in a growth path and would provide regular returns over a period. Besides this, it has been a proven market security over a period. The real estate market has been on a upward growth spree and is a major contributor to the sales revenue of the organization. Thus, there have been a number of distinct advantages when investing in the securities of D- Riet. Investment Demerits Madura and Gill (2015) mentioned that every financial investment is subjected to certain market risk. As such, the amount of yield that can be achieved from investing in cannot be granted. As such, this can lead to financial losses for the business entity. In addition, the global financial market is in a strong market position. As such, this can lead to financial losses for the business enterprise. Titman and Martin (2014) mentioned that a vulnerable market condition could also have an influence on the operational policies of the business entity. Thus, it can be said that there are many disadvantages to the operational strategies of the business entity. Kalesnik (2014) mentioned that the investment opportunities should also depend on the external market condition of the business enterprise. As such, the factors are cost and the economic condition of the buyers. The investment opportunity offers the insurance protection as well as a higher rate of return. However, there are certain disadvantages. The investment shall require substantial investment of the monetary resources of the country. As such, this increases the level of risk that is associated with the business entity. Besides this, the investment could be done under a single portfolio that shall offer limited opportunities to the business organization. In addition, the investment would cater to a limited business segment, which restricts business growth for Mr. Z. Thus, Brigham and Houston (2012) noted that this is a pertinent issue in business growth and financial sustainability for Mr. Z. Thus, Mr Z has to consider these issues in the development of the goals and the objectives of the business entity. According to Dolvin et al. (2012) stated that the lack of stability in the market conditions should lead to the development of the goals and the objectives of the business entity. Thus, this shall have an impact on the business sustainability of the business entity. However, the nature of security shall have a considerable impact on the market sustainability of the business entity. References Brigham, E. F., Houston, J. F. (2012). Fundamentals of financial management. Cengage Learning. . Dolvin, S. D., Jordan, B. D., Miller Jr, T. W. (2012). Fundamentals of investments: valuation and management. Garff, D. (2013). Multi-style global equity investing: A statistical study on combining fundamentals, momentum, risk and valuation for improved performance. Momentum, Risk and Valuation for Improved Performance (November 30, 2013). Joehnk, M. D. (2013). Fundamentals of Investing. Pearson Education Limited Kalesnik, V. (2014). The Second Generation of Index Investing. Madura, J., Gill, H. S. (2015). Personal finance. Pearson Canada. Smart, S. J., Smart, S. B., Gitman, L. J., Joehnk, M. D. (2013). Fundamentals of investing. Pearson Higher Ed. Titman, S., Martin, J. D. (2014). Valuation. Pearson Higher Ed.a

Suffering Ignored Essay Example For Students

Suffering Ignored Essay On February 21, 1907 Wystan Hugh Auden was born in York England. Auden was a poet, dramatist, and literary critic whose everyday language and conversational rhythms has had a major influence on modern poetry. Auden was initially a science major but after several years at Gresham School he realized science was not the career for his future. With the influence from Robert Medley, Auden began to write poetry. Due to this big change in Audens life, he enrolled in Christ Church, at Oxford. Before his departure from Gresham School Auden came to recognize his homosexuality. At the beginning of Auden writing career he had an interest in Anglo-Saxon poetry. Audens poetry in the 1930s largely constitutes a diagnosis of industrial English society in the midst of economic and moral decay. (Bahr p. 212) In 1930 Auden began to teach school in his community. In 1935 Auden married a young lady named Erika Mann. Erika was the daughter of a German novelist. The marriage occurred only so Erika could receive a British passport. In 1939 Auden moved to America. This was a turning point in his life. We will write a custom essay on Suffering Ignored specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Audens writing style shifted away from many of his earlier intellectual convictions and moved toward a reaffirmation of his childhood faith. (Magill p. 73) This change allowed him to write poetry that was said to influence people to Christianity. Auden was a popular modern poet who impressive reputation was based on his technical writing and overall work. Although several critics say Audens writing digressed after the 1930s, he is still a well admired poet. As expected Auden has received several literary awards. Auden received the Kings Gold Medal for poetry in 1937, the Guggenheim fellowships in 1942 and 1945 and the Pulitzer Prize in 1948. (Magill 72) Auden is a poem that can not and will not be forgot in literary history. In 1939 Auden published a poem titled Musee des Beaux Arts. This is a poem about The universal indifference to human misfortune. (Masterplots p. 1430) Musee des Beaux Arts talks about how individuals do not care about the suffering of one another. This poem theme is based on a painting by Pieter Bruegel called The Fall of Icarus. While in Brussels, Auden visited the Musees Royaux des beaux-arts where he was motivated by three of Bruegel painting. . Musee des Beaux Arts can be paralled to the painting by Bruegel. The insignificance of Icarus fall in the ocean, displayed by his legs sticking out the ocean, seen in the bottom right hand corner, is similar to how the suffering of individuals are not important to each other. The poem is written in two paragraphs. The first paragraph consists of several broad statements. In the second paragraph there are applications for those broad statements. In the first section of the poem the word suffering is used only in the first line, in fact suffering is the first noun. This is important because the poem is constructed to demonstrate that it is only in its own first line and nowhere else in the world that human agony receives any emphasis. (Masterplots p. 1430) As the poem continues Auden mentions people eating or opening a window or just walking dully along. These statements highlight how the suffering of people does not have any effect on how others live their life. The death of a stranger will not cause one to slit a wrist. As the poem continues Auden refers to the birth of Jesus. As the first stanza comes to an ending there is reference to the crucifixion of Jesus. In the poem the crucifixion is interrupted by dogs, the dogs go on with their doggy life Auden uses the word doggy to represent to childish vocabulary. (Masterplots p. 1430) Auden uses the word life rather than lives because he once again wants to emphasis the childish vocabulary. While Jesus is being tortured the torturers horse scratches his bottom side. . The word behind is used to emphasis the innocents of the children. .u01ed39b1233d17558081ba673129f781 , .u01ed39b1233d17558081ba673129f781 .postImageUrl , .u01ed39b1233d17558081ba673129f781 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u01ed39b1233d17558081ba673129f781 , .u01ed39b1233d17558081ba673129f781:hover , .u01ed39b1233d17558081ba673129f781:visited , .u01ed39b1233d17558081ba673129f781:active { border:0!important; } .u01ed39b1233d17558081ba673129f781 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u01ed39b1233d17558081ba673129f781 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u01ed39b1233d17558081ba673129f781:active , .u01ed39b1233d17558081ba673129f781:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u01ed39b1233d17558081ba673129f781 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u01ed39b1233d17558081ba673129f781 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u01ed39b1233d17558081ba673129f781 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u01ed39b1233d17558081ba673129f781 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u01ed39b1233d17558081ba673129f781:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u01ed39b1233d17558081ba673129f781 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u01ed39b1233d17558081ba673129f781 .u01ed39b1233d17558081ba673129f781-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u01ed39b1233d17558081ba673129f781:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: PATRIOTISM EssayThis distracts the reader from the horrible evil deed that was being executed. Auden uses a simple vocabulary in the Musee des Beaux Arts so the reader can visualize the common air. In todays society suffering take place in such common grounds. His tone is nonchalant. Therefore the anguish of others torment is often ignored. In the second stanza Auden speaks of the incident with Icarus falling in to the ocean. Icarus father made him some wing made of feather and wax. The wings were to be used as an escape from prison. When Icarus was give the wings his father warned him not to fly close to the sun. The sun was to hot therefore it would melt the wings. Due to Icarus disobedience, he flew to close to the sun and the wing melted. This caused him to plunge headfirst in the ocean. In the poem the death of Icarus did not have any effect on the world. Once again this is an emphasis on how human misfortunes are ignored in todays society. This poem is an example of ekphrasis. (Masterplots 1431) This means one form of art is based on another piece of art. The poem Musee des Beaux Arts is based on the painting The Fall of Icarus. The paint is about the Icarus fall into the ocean due to him flying to close to the sun. Although Icarus is the center of the story, he is not the center of the painting. Icarus in only represented by two legs in the bottom right hand corner. In the poem the suffering of others in major theme but it is not mentioned but once. The poem talks of how people are concerned about leisure activities rather than human significance. In conclusion Auden wants one to stop worrying about fiddle de aspects of life and think about others. Auden was a very successful poet whose work is viewed and talked about though out the world. He is a modern poet who has made several contributions to our society that can not be forgotten.