The Past, Present and Future of the Hubble Space Telescope :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Throughout the ages, humans have been looking for a way to see into the past. In the year 1990, astronomers from NASA made this possible. displace the Hubble Space Telescope into orbit with the space shuttle Discovery, NASA would make historical discoveries beyond their wildest dreams. Earlier this year they discovered a galaxy approximately 13 billion light years from Earth. Viewing the object at 750 million years subsequently the big bang, scientists have looked into a time shortly after the Dark Ages, a time before the first galaxies and quasars were formed. This incredible discovery was made with the aid of a cluster of galaxies known as Abell 2218. Being as massive as it is, Abell 2218 bends and amplifies any light that passes through it, working as a natural telescope (Hubble). The Hubble Space Telescope has become a great and valuable astronomic tool that NASA says is too costly and dangerous to keep running, a decision that may be premature. Originally planned to project i n 1986, the Hubble Space Telescope has seen its share of problems. Starting with the explosion of the Challenger space shuttle, the Hubbles birth into space was delayed four years (Raven). On April 24, 1990, NASA come out the telescope into orbit, only to discover that its primary mirror had a systematic aberrancy. To fix the problem, a mission in December 1993 set out on the space shuttle Endeavor. The astronauts of the Endeavor replaced the High Speed Photometer with the Corrective Optics Space Telescope Axial Replacement (COSTAR). This device was designed to correct the aberration of the primary mirror. Even before the Endeavor mission, the space telescope produced many interesting images and was much more accurate than any Earth telescope. With the lack of atmosphere, the HST give the axe look at objects at an angular distance of only 0.05 arcs second apart. The traditional ground-based telescopes can only resolve images about 0.5 arcs second apart, even beneath perfect sky conditions. With the new improvements, the HST could perform at the level for which it was designed. It could more accurately calculate the rate at which a galaxy is receding from the whitish Way as a function of their distance (qtd. in Hubble). For those confused by that statement the HST would take a picture of a galaxy at one point and three seconds later (or any other given amount of time) take another picture of the galaxy and measure how much further away it is.

Company of Lovers :: essays research papers

THE COMPANY OF LOVERS JUDITH WRIGHTJudith Wrights 1946 poem The Company of Lovers makes a juxtaposition of two essential forces of major impact upon human existence, the effects of love and those of death. Within the poem it can be noted that the two stanzas reflect each of the certain(p) themes. The first, a universal description of love and the ambitions two lovers might have, whilst the second a reflection of how quick all may soon be helpless through the loneliness of death.Wright is renown for her use language, and many of her poems contain paradoxes in which the reader is confronted with a phrase completely unrealisable, but effective in characterization the nature of the poem. The Company Of Lovers itself opens with the use of a paradox We meet and part now instils an image of simultaneous unity and depart, evoking in a sense of jury-rigged cohesion that may soon be lost. This may represent a changing nature of lovers and perhaps such a quick meeting and leave represents the promiscuous nature of some who class themselves as lovers. Nonetheless, a different approach is taken as the first stanza introduces the lost company which could quite come up represent lost ideals or values that once offered what was a company of lovers, which has now become short-term relationships. This emphasis goes on to describe, with passion, the joining of hands together in the night of those who sought many things, throw all away for this one thing, one only love.Such descriptions change, however, as the last lines change in tone, bringing forth a harsh reality, even to those submerged in the unified joys of love with a strategically placed narrow grave to stress the loneliness of death.Ambiguity can also be noted through the use of many joints within the poem, even from the first lines of the title itself. The word company has several connotations of which could signify the reader being within the company of lovers, or perhaps lovers in the company of one another .

Murphy V. Brentwood District Council 1991 Ac 398 Essay -- Law Critica

OBJECTIVES AND METHODOLOGYOBJECTIVESTO sight AND CRITICALLY ANALISE THE circumstance IN THE CONTEXT OF THE PRINCIPLES INVOLVED.TO DRAW UP THE vernacular INFERENCE WHILE STUDYING THE USE OF THE PRINCIPLE IN OTHER CASES.METHODOLOGY THE BASIC METHODOLOGY ADOPTED TO PREPARE THIS RESEARCH IS DEDUCTIVE THAT IS TO STUDY VARIOUS CASES, TO ANALYSE THE LAWS IN THE SAME TOPIC AND UNDERSTAND THE GENERAL PRINCIPLE TO DRAW A GENERAL CONCLUSION.TABLE OF CONTENTS 1......................................INTRODUCTION 2......................................PRINCIPLES INVOLVED 3......................................CRITICAL ANALYSIS 4......................................CONCLUSION 5......................................BIBLIOGRAPHYINTRODUCTIONSince the Annus case the trends rather we should say the general trends were to provide the damages to the owner of the premises and they were rigorously economic losses. But in this case that trend was overruled and in that respect began a new t rend and new principles that we will come across while red through the whole project. There were many questions raised like a duty of care is owed to whom? How damages can be provided in a point case like this? But one thing is for sure that this case can be considered as a landmark case in the narrative of Torts as we come across a very few cases where the well established principles like here are overruled.A BRIEF INTRODUCTION OF THE CASEMATERIAL FACTSThe plaintiff bought a built as such to the plans approved by the defendants. But the independent consulting engineers who had carelessly failed to note an error in the calculations which rendered short-handed the concrete raft foundation necessited by the sl... ....The requirement that the house be imminently dangerous was was unworkable and the novel type of damage introduced byAnnus was inherently rocky and indeterminate if seen as personal injury, the damage is purely potential, not actual If seen as actual,it is economica l loss, the money needed to make the house safe.Therefore there arose a requirement of the new principles which could overrule the orthodox principles as established by the Annus case and this was nicely done by Murphy v. Brentwood district council case. BIBLIOGRAPHYBOOKS - Dr. R. K. Bangia, legality Of Torts, (Allahabad Law Agency, Faridabd, 17th edn., 2003)Justice G. P. Singh (Ed.), Ratan Lal & Dhiraj Lal On The Law Of Torts (Wadhwa And Company, Nagpur, 24th edn., 2002)REPORTERSALL ENGLAND REPORTERSWEBSITES VISITED - WWW.GOOGLE.COMWWW.WESTLAW.COM

Deformed Digital Evolution Essay -- Technology Technological Papers

Deformed Digital EvolutionModernist visual form has substantially influenced the digital founding however, the digital world of today has been more prominently influenced by the sequential technological growth and the ever-changing aesthetic tastes of our diverse society. These conditions can further be described as mankinds drive for efficiency and the contrasting effects of people desiring to be different or to stand out. In this es grade, an tackle is made to show how the accomplishments of the late Victorian era, regardless of how closely their lineages seem to be linked, are themselves simply steps in the timeline of progress and are unfeignedly invalid to use as the true producer of the advanced(a) digital world.The time period in and around the beginning of the twentieth century, according to Manovich, was the sterling(prenominal) time of pioneering and cultivating spick-and-span techniques.Looking retroactively on the 1920s from the viewpoint of today we realize that the key artistic innovations of the 1920s were all done in relation to what was then the new media photography, film, new architectural and new printing technologies At the time, these were truly new media and groundbreaking techniques additional terminology had to be real in order to efficiently use and refer to them. The new media and its divisions were all obviously visually oriented. Manovich continues his discussion with referrals to the techniques and artful achievement that followed in the wake of the new media mentioned above. These key modern visual communication techniques1 included photo and film montage, collage, classical film language, surrealism, the use of sex appeal in advertisements, modern graphic design, and modern typography.1 ... ...ld that be reasonable? Continuing on with the evolutional tracking of the computer, we can restate the fact that the keyboard was bred from the invention of the typewriter. The typewriter itself can even be traced back t o its origin, the printing press.In the end, almost every link in the evolutionary ladder of todays digital world can be expressed as an adaptation or modification of the forerunning products. Though it is with reasonably considerable measures that Manovich makes all of his connections of the digital world as it applied to constructivist times, it is truly beyond anyones ability to figure out what the construction of the modern digital world is the product of. Far too many people have had their say in its creation. How many of those involved felt as though they were copying the Soviet Constructivist techniques and applying them to today?

The Scarlet Letter :: essays research papers

The Scarlet LetterIn the novel The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne three main characters be taught that they are forced to live with the mistakes they have made. One must be response for his/her own actions and be willing to accept the consequences of those actions. Hester, Dimmesdale and Chillingworth must all brass section these consequences. If you do something in life and you know its wrong that means yu are willing to accept the consequences.Hester knows she has done something wrong. She has drillted a sin and knows she will be punished for it. She is punished by being forced to wear the letter A on her bust and never remove it and to also stand in figurehead of everyone on the scaffold in the center of town. She is reminded of her sins because of her daughter who was a result of the affair. She sees her everyday and cherishes every moment she has with her. They try to take Pearl away only when Hester will non allow them to.Dimmesdale has also committed adultery wi th Hester. As a result he is forced to keep this secret deep with in. His punishments are for it to eat him alive and slowly tear away at his heart until he is actually dead. He knew what he did is wrong he just could not tell anyone because he was ashamed of it, but this is not saying that hes not in love with Hester because thats why it happened. That is his second punishment being denied the wish of spending the rest of their lives together.Chillingworth committed the worst sin out of all of them. He wanted to get back at Dimmesdale so he was trying to commit revenge. In fact his punishment for this was watching Dimmesdale dye but not by any fault of his own but by the secret he had kept from everyone else. Chillingworth fate was to dye knowing what happened and be able to do anything about it because he is a cold-hearted evil man.

The Scarlet Letter :: essays research papers

The Scarlet LetterIn the novel The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne three main characters are taught that they are laboured to live with the mistakes they abide made. One must be response for his/her own actions and be willing to accept the consequences of those actions. Hester, Dimmesdale and Chillingworth must all face these consequences. If you do something in life and you know its wrong that means yu are willing to accept the consequences.Hester knows she has done something wrong. She has perpetrate a sin and knows she will be punished for it. She is punished by being forced to wear the letter A on her bust and never remove it and to also stand in front of everyone on the scaffold in the center of town. She is reminded of her sins because of her missy who was a result of the affair. She sees her everyday and cherishes every moment she has with her. They try to take Pearl international but Hester will non allow them to.Dimmesdale has also committed adultery with Heste r. As a result he is forced to keep this secret deep with in. His punishments are for it to eat him alive and slowly tear away at his heart until he is actually dead. He knew what he did is wrong he just could not tell anyone because he was ashamed of it, but this is not saying that hes not in love with Hester because thats why it happened. That is his second punishment being denied the wish of spending the rest of their lives together.Chillingworth committed the worst sin let out of all of them. He wanted to get back at Dimmesdale so he was trying to commit revenge. In fact his punishment for this was watching Dimmesdale tinge but not by any fault of his own but by the secret he had kept from everyone else. Chillingworth fate was to dye knowing what happened and be able to do anything about it because he is a cold-hearted evil man.

Digital Fortress Chapter 63-65

Chapter 63Beckers red-hotly purchased Vespa motorcycle struggled up the entry road to Aeropuerto de Sevilla. His knuckles had been white the whole way. His lodge read just after 200 a.m. local time.As he approached the main terminal, he rode up on the side qualifying and jumped off the bike tour it was still moving. It clattered to the pavement and s confidetered to a s eyeshade. Becker dashed on rubbery legs through the revolving door. Never again, he swore to himself.The terminal was sterile and starkly lit. Except for a janitor buffing the floor, the charge was deserted. Across the concourse, a ticket agent was closing shovel in the Iberia Airlines counter. Becker took it as a bad sign.He ran over. El vuelo a los Estados Unidos?The attractive Andalusian muliebrity behind the counter looked up and smiled apolo blendi accosty. Acaba de salir. You just missed it. Her words hung in the air for a long moment.I missed it. Beckers shoulders slumped. Was there standby live on the f light?Plenty, the woman smiled. Almost empty. and tomorrows eight a.m. also has-I need to know if a helpmate of mine made that flight. She was profligate standby.The woman frowned. Im sorry, sir. There were several standby passengers tonight, but our privacy clause states-Its very important, Becker urged. I just need to know if she made the flight. Thats every last(predicate).The woman gave a sympathetic nod. Lovers quarrel?Becker thought a moment. Then he gave her a sheepish grin. Its that obvious?She gave him a wink. Whats her name?Megan, he replied sadly.The agent smiled. Does your lady friend have a last name?Becker exhaled slowly. Yes, but I dont know it Actually, its kind of a complicated situation. You verbalize the plane was almost empty. Maybe you could-With away a last name I really cantActually, Becker interrupted, having another idea. Have you been on all night?The woman nodded. Seven to seven.Then mayhap you saw her. Shes a young girl. Maybe fifteen or sixteen? Her hair was- Before the words left his mouth, Becker realized his mistake.The agents eyes narrowed. Your lover is fifteen years aged?No Becker gasped. I mean Shit. If you could just help me, its very important.Im sorry, the woman said coldly.Its not the way it straitss. If you could just-Good night, sir. The woman yanked the metal grate down over the counter and disappeared into a back room.Becker groaned and stared skyward. Smooth, David. Very smooth. He scanned the open concourse. Nothing. She must have sold the ring and made the flight. He channeliseed for the custodian. Has visto a una nina? he called over the sound of the tile buffer. Have you seen a girl?The old man reached down and killed the machine. Eh?Una nina? Becker repeated. Pelo rojo, azul, y blanco. Red white and blue hair.The custodian laughed. Que fea. Sounds ugly. He shook his head and went back to work.David Becker stood in the middle of the deserted airport concourse and wondered what to do next. The evening had been a comedy of errors. Strathmores words pounded in his head Dont call until you have the ring. A profound exhaustion settled over him. If Megan sold the ring and made the flight, there was no telling who had the ring now.Becker unopen his eyes and tried to focus. Whats my next move? He decided to consider it in a moment. First, he needed to make a long-overdue gaffe to a rest room.Chapter 64Susan stood alone in the dimly lit silence of Node 3. The task at hand was simple Access Hales terminal, locate his key, and indeed delete all of his communication with Tankado. There could be no hint of Digital Fortress anywhere.Susans initial fears of saving the key and unlocking Digital Fortress were sound off at her again. She felt uneasy tempting fate theyd been lucky so far. North Dakota had miraculously appeared right under their noses and been trapped. The only remaining question was David he had to find the other pass-key. Susan hoped he was making progress.As she made her way d eeper into Node 3, Susan tried to clear her mind. It was odd that she felt uneasy in such a familiar space. Everything in Node 3 beed foreign in the dark. But there was something else. Susan felt a momentary hesitation and glanced back at the inoperable doors. There was no escape. Twenty minutes, she thought.As she turned toward Hales terminal, she noticed a strange, musky odor-it was definitely not a Node 3 smell. She wondered if maybe the deionizer was malfunctioning. The smell was vaguely familiar, and with it came an unsettling chill. She pictured Hale locked below in his enormous steaming cell. Did he set something on fire? She looked up at the vents and sniffed. But the odor seemed to be coming from nearby.Susan glanced toward the latticed doors of the kitchenette. And in an instant she recognized the smell. It was cologne and sweat.She recoiled instinctively, not prepared for what she saw. From behind the lattice slats of the kitchenette, two eyes stared out at her. It onl y took an instant for the horrifying truth to hit her. Greg Hale was not locked on the sublevels-he was in Node 3 Hed slipped upstairs to begin with Strathmore shut the trapdoor. Hed been strong enough to open the doors all by himself.Susan had once taked that raw terror was paralyzing-she now knew that was a myth. In the same instant her wizardry grasped what was happening, she was in motion-stumbling backward through the dark with a single thought in mind escape.The crash behind her was instantaneous. Hale had been sitting silently on the stove and extended his legs ilk two battering rams. The doors exploded off their hinges. Hale launched himself into the room and thundered after her with powerful strides.Susan knocked over a lamp behind her, attempting to trip Hale as he moved toward her. She signifiedd him vault it effortlessly. Hale was gaining quickly.When his right arm circled her waist from behind, it felt like shed hit a sword bar. She gasped in pain as the wind went out of her. His biceps flexed against her rib cage.Susan resisted and began twisting wildly. Somehow her elbow struck cartilage. Hale released his grip, his work force clutching his nose. He fell to his knees, hands cupped over his face.Son of a- He screamed in pain.Susan dashed onto the doors pressure plates saying a fruitless prayer that Strathmore would in that instant restore power and the doors would outflow open. Instead, she found herself pounding against the glass.Hale lumbered toward her, his nose covered with blood. In an instant, his hands were around her again-one of them clamped firmly on her left breast and the other on her midsection. He yanked her away from the door.She screamed, her hand outstretched in futile attempt to stop him.He pulled her backward, his belt buckle digging into her spine. Susan couldnt believe his strength. He dragged her back crossways the carpet, and her shoes came off. In one fluid motion, Hale lifted her and dumped her on the floor next to his terminal.Susan was suddenly on her back, her skirt bunched high on her hips. The top button of her blouse had released, and her chest was heaving in the bluish light. She stared up in terror as Hale straddled her, pinning her down. She couldnt decipher the look in his eyes. It looked like fear. Or was it anger? His eyes bore into her body. She felt a new wave of panic.Hale sat firmly on her midsection, staring down at her with an icy glare. Everything Susan had ever learned more or less self-defense was suddenly racing through her mind. She tried to fight, but her body did not respond. She was numb. She closed her eyes.Oh, please, God. NoChapter 65Brinkerhoff paced Midges office. Nobody bypasses Gauntlet. Its impossibleWrong, she fired back. I just talked to Jabba. He said he installed a bypass switch last year.The PA looked doubtful. I never heard that.Nobody did. It was hush-hush.Midge, Brinkerhoff argued, Jabbas compulsive about security He would never put in a switch to bypass-Strathmore made him do it, she interrupted.Brinkerhoff could almost hear her mind clicking.Remember last year, she asked, when Strathmore was working on that anti-Semitic terrorist ring in California?Brinkerhoff nodded. It had been one of Strathmores major coups last year. Using TRANSLTR to decrypt an intercepted code, he had uncovered a plot to neglect a Hebrew school in Los Angeles. He decrypted the terrorists message only twelve minutes before the bomb went off, and using some fast phone work, he saved three hundred schoolchildren.Get this, Midge said, lowering her voice unnecessarily. Jabba said Strathmore intercepted that terrorist code six hours before that bomb went off.Brinkerhoffs jaw dropped. But then why did he wait-Because he couldnt get TRANSLTR to decrypt the file. He tried, but Gauntlet kept rejecting it. It was encrypted with some new public key algorithm that the filters hadnt seen yet. It took Jabba almost six hours to adjust them.Brinkerhoff looked stunned .Strathmore was furious. He made Jabba install a bypass switch in Gauntlet in case it ever happened again.Jesus. Brinkerhoff whistled. I had no idea. Then his eyes narrowed. So whats your point?I think Strathmore used the switch today to process a file that Gauntlet rejected.So? Thats what the switch is for, right?Midge shook her head. Not if the file in question is a virus.Brinkerhoff jumped. A virus? Who said anything about a virusIts the only explanation, she said. Jabba said a virus is the only thing that could keep TRANSLTR running this long, so-Wait a minute Brinkerhoff flashed her the time-out sign. Strathmore said everythings fineHes lying.Brinkerhoff was lost. Youre saying Strathmore intentionally let a virus into TRANSLTR?No, she snapped. I dont think he knew it was a virus. I think he was tricked.Brinkerhoff was speechless. Midge Milken was definitely losing it.It explains a lot, she insisted. It explains what hes been doing in there all night.Planting viruses in his own computer?No, she said, annoyed. Trying to cover up his mistake And now he cant abort TRANSLTR and get aux power back because the virus has the processors locked downBrinkerhoff rolled his eyes. Midge had gone nuts in the past, but never like this. He tried to calm her. Jabba doesnt seem to be too worried.Jabbas a fool, she hissed.Brinkerhoff looked surprised. Nobody had ever called Jabba a fool-a pig maybe, but never a fool. Youre trusting feminine intuition over Jabbas ripe(p) degrees in anti-invasive programming?She eyed him harshly.Brinkerhoff held up his hands in surrender. Never mind. I take it back. He didnt need to be reminded of Midges uncanny ability to sense disaster. Midge, he begged. I know you hate Strathmore, but-This has nothing to do with Strathmore Midge was in overdrive. The first thing we need to do is confirm Strathmore bypassed Gauntlet. Then we call the director.Great. Brinkerhoff moaned. Ill call Strathmore and ask him to send us a signed statement.No, she re plied, ignoring his sarcasm. Strathmores lied to us once already today. She glanced up, her eyes probing his. Do you have keys to Fontaines office?Of course. Im his PA.I need them.Brinkerhoff stared in disbelief. Midge, theres no way in hell Im letting you into Fontaines office.You have to she demanded. Midge turned and started typing on Big Brothers keyboard. Im requesting a TRANSLTR queue list. If Strathmore manually bypassed Gauntlet, itll show up on the printout.What does that have to do with Fontaines office?She spun and glared at him. The queue list only prints to Fontaines printer. You know thatThats because its class, MidgeThis is an emergency. I need to see that list.Brinkerhoff put his hands on her shoulders. Midge, please settle down. You know I cant-She huffed loudly and spun back to her keyboard. Im printing a queue list. Im going to walk in, pick it up, and walk out. Now give me the key.MidgeShe finished typing and spun back to him. Chad, the report prints in thirty s econds. Heres the deal. You give me the key. If Strathmore bypassed, we call security. If Im wrong, I leave, and you can go smear marmalade all over Carmen Huerta. She gave him a malicious glare and held out her hands for the keys. Im waiting.Brinkerhoff groaned, regretting that he had called her back to check the Crypto report. He eyed her outstretched hand. Youre talking about classified information inside the directors private quarters. Do you have any idea what would happen if we got caught?The director is in South America.Im sorry. I just cant. Brinkerhoff crossed his harness and walked out.Midge stared after him, her gray eyes smoldering. Oh, yes you can, she whispered. Then she turned back to Big Brother and called up the video archives.Midgell get over it, Brinkerhoff told himself as he settled in at his desk and started going over the rest of his reports. He couldnt be expected to hand out the directors keys whenever Midge got paranoid.He had just begun checking the COMSEC breakdowns when his thoughts were interrupted by the sound of voices coming from the other room. He set down his work and walked to his doorway.The main suite was dark-all except a dim shaft of grayish light from Midges half-open door. He listened. The voices continued. They sounded excited. Midge?No response.He strode through the darkness to her workspace. The voices were vaguely familiar. He pushed the door open. The room was empty. Midges chair was empty. The sound was coming from overhead. Brinkerhoff looked up at the video monitors and today felt ill. The same image was playing on each one of the twelve screens-a kind of perversely choreographed ballet. Brinkerhoff steadied himself on the back of Midges chair and watched in horror.Chad? The voice was behind him.He spun and squinted into the darkness. Midge was standing kitty-corner across the main suites reception area in front of the directors double doors. Her palm was outstretched. The key, Chad.Brinkerhoff flushed. He tur ned back to the monitors. He tried to block out the images overhead, but it was no use. He was everywhere, groaning with pleasure and eagerly fondling Carmen Huertas small, honey-covered breasts.

Political equality Essay

When in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bonds which have connected them with another, and to pretend among the powers of the earth the separate and equal station to which the laws of nature and of Natures God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should decl atomic number 18 the stool which impel them to the separation (Thomas Jefferson). These are the words of former U.S. president in his annunciation of Independence.We hold these truths to be self evident, that each(prenominal) men are created equal.(American declaration of independence)Different question arose from the above quote in that are all men created equally? The answer is No biologically and Yes when it comes to legal matters, economic rights and politically.What is political equivalence?This is equal authority to decide on every law and indemnity of the society. It also refers to the extent to which human have equal voices over politicsal decisions. The rule asserts that though we are not biologically equal we all have equal right to vote on every law and policy of our environment and that only people with this right have the equality to live by their own decisions and are free. Its explains further that every citizen must have the rights to submit and decide the type of societal laws that should be accepted and this was maintain by the fact that the fundamental purpose of laws is to improve life of all citizen. Its also explains the principle of one-person per one vote, equal right to speech and equality to law. When citizens are given the opportunity to decide what laws affects them, they can legislate other equalities.Why do we want political equality?Political equality a valued good political equality gives people the ability to express their political view. It confers on them the sense of selfhood and belonging. It builds community the community is usually bounded by the cooperative act ivity toward the shared goals and this entails the engagement of all. It creates legitimacy political equality creates legitimacy in the sense that it encourages obedience to laws, acceptance of elections resolvings by the losing side. Educative political equality which leads to political participation is educative in that it encourage and teach people intimately politics and about democracy and their own needs and likes through their involvement in the politics.When it all startedIn the beginning, when the American declaration of independence was made, little did the founders chicane about the effect of that on human nature and quest of inequality and Power, they believed that men are born equally and this theory was of limited scope then. motility of citizenship, liberties and rights for the political system was complicated. There were debates over the idea and that of political equality was only represented in the constitution and not really acted upon. The principle of equal ity of political individuals which translate into that of one man, one vote and ultimately into one person, one vote was implicit in the constitution of the united states rather than universe expressly declared(cited in Pole 47). The one vote per person generates controversies among Americans nevertheless was later accepted as the most equal method of voting.American push Party had since believed in the socialist form of government. They tend to support a state controlling the industries and equal distribution of wealth.After WW II, the labour party government nationalized the industries, established what is known as a welfare state. This provides citizen with social security, insurance against unemployment and also the National Health Services. With the inception of the conservative government the industries was denationalized but kept the health services. (Microsoft Encarta.2008)In recent years, the trade union membership had declined and subsequently influenced the Labour Par ty. At the same time the political party had move away from the political centre. In 1995 it gave up its commitment to socialism and nationalization of industries. (Microsoft Encarta.2008)In 1819, political equality was also modified as a result of a land crash which devastate the life of many citizen and those who hope of acquiring significant amount of wealth and property. The economy was affected and the people secure hope for best to come and things later got into place. The effect of the crash on the political equality was just on the view of wealth distribution and those arguments against the bridging of gaps in the midst of the poor and the rich. The rich never wanted to have equal access to rudimentary gifts of nature, they believed in that because they are rich they should have more political weight than the poor. The effect of the disaster was enormous and the workers organized themselves into various political sects and made laws that would protect them and their fam ilies from future reoccurrence. The laws were also made to protect what they have left.Political equality in topical anaesthetic catch servicesPolitical equality in local emergency services givesEqual rights to emergency services such as the right to those health care schemes, free medical services for the less privileged, equity in the local judicial system.Equal capacity there are also equal rights as a result of the political equality and this gives opportunity to the citizen to exercise their civic right and contribute to the decision of made concerning the local emergency services.Equal voice it ensures equal voice of the citizen i.e. they have the right under the law to say no to some things and decide on what in a flash or indirectly affects them. Political equality also creates equal attention to the citizen not giving preference to any body on the grounds that he or she is special simply because of status in the community.Equal output since political equality ensure the participation of the members of the community. It actually strengthens the output of all those emergency services.Create sense of belonging political equality makes citizen decides on what happens to them, hence it creates the sense of belonging in that the citizen would not want any thing created to kick the bucket spoilt or get disorganized so when they see any misnomer they tend to try to correct it.Political equality also affect the health sector positively by (1)Increased reliance on the market forces will make health care cheaper,(2)Change of tax revenue code to provide equal tax relief for individuals who purchase their own insurance,(3)Changing the tax code will also break the link between employment and insurance(4)Insurance for those whose employers do not offer a plan(5)Creation of medical savings accounts( Microsoft Encarta)According to the Canadian law the provinces must ensure that their health care system respect the following five criteria (1) public governancethe health insurance plans must be administered by a public authority accountable to the provincial government (2) comprehensive benefitsthe plan must vertebral column all medically necessary services prescribed by physicians and provided by hospitals (3) universalityall legal residents of the province must be covered (4) portabilityresidents brood to be covered if they move or travel from one province to another and (5) accessibilityservices must be made available to all residents on equal terms, regardless of income, age, or ability to pay.(Microsoft Encarta)ConclusionIn conclusion, political equality creates an environment where the people have equal access to the basic amenities and equal opportunity to create laws that guide the citizen. With equality in justice, law and politics our world will be a better place.

Time I Learned a Lesson

While living in a state as hot as Arizona, not only do the football game players have to drink a lot of water, but everyone else as well. The day I didnt taught me a lesson Actions, good or bad, are followed with consequences. I thought my eubstance would be perfectly fine without some water for the day but boy was I wrong. Just minutes before the incident, the only Item on my mind was how fun the rap concert would be the following night. Little did I know, I would not be attending.A late night trip to Albertson Isnt ancient for my family as we forget things tie easily (and when I say we I mean I). I entered Albertson with a mental list of Ethylene, snacks, and Storage. Yet, I still make my way to the ice cream aisle as I seem to always be gravitated towards it. Him, what flavor sounds good? Ben and Jerry Peach Cobbler gets me every succession I reach out to grab that perfect concoction and smack My body now lays lifeless on the floor as I blackout. Seconds, minutes, mayhap hours later I become conscious. I make an effort to move my limbs but theres no use.My heavy eyelids have a arid time opening, I force them open and find myself in a hospital bed wearing one of those dresses I promised myself Id never wear. My eyes find their way to the gradient of my bed where my motherly sits, pale skinned, and mouthing my name. Her voice finally registers Into my head as it translates from terrified to joyful. My very avow nurse rushes In once Im awake. She tries her hardest to communion slow and uses hand gestures to explain why Im here, why Im lifeless, and why Im wasnt eating my ice cream in the comfort of my own home.I had blacked out for several hours. Well that was an upset(prenominal) nap, I thought to myself. My nurse says the word dehydrated and it clicks my mental grocery list. There was Ethylene for my headache, snacks for nauseates, and Storage for extreme thirst. How could I be so unintelligent? The next day my life carried on normally I woke up, at e, went to school, ate, napped, ate, did my homework, ate, and slept. Of course there was a lot more water in my system compared to the day before, but drinking more water wasnt the lesson learned.I could have been testing and driving, or not completing a homework assignment but the point was the similar there were consequences to my every move. I couldve been In a car accident or simply slotting In SAD with a bunch of kids I TLD know. Its your own choices that make you or break you In this life, what will you choose? And will you be prepared for the consequences that follow? BY excellencies English II- Period 3 A typical sight in the halls of Hamilton High School are the tall and built young men of was I wrong.Just minutes before the incident, the only circumstance on my mind was how fun attending. A late night trip to Albertson isnt rare for my family as we forget things quite easily (and when I say we I mean l). I entered Albertson with a mental list of finally registers into m y head as it translates from terrified to Joyful. My very own nurse rushes in once Im awake. She tries her hardest to talk slowly and uses hand I couldve been in a car accident or simply sitting in SAD with a bunch of kids I didnt know. Its your own choices that make you or break you in this life, what will you

Sejanus

SejanusLucius Aelius Sejanus (20 BC October 18, AD 31), commonly known as Sejanus, was an ambitious soldier, superstar and confidant of the Roman Emperor Tiberius. An equestrian by birth, Sejanus rose to power as prefect of the Roman imperial bodyguard, known as the Praetorian Guard, of which he was commander from AD 14 until his death in AD 31. spot the Praetorian Guard was formally established under Emperor Augustus, Sejanus introduced a number of reforms which saw the social unit evolve beyond a mere bodyguard into a powerful and influential branch of the government involved in public security, civil administration, and eventually political intercession changes which would have a lasting impact on the course of the Principate. During the 20s, Sejanus gradually accumulated power by consolidating his influence over Tiberius and eliminating capability political opponents, including the emperor moths son, Drusus Julius Caesar.When Tiberius withdrew to Capri in 26, Sejanus was le ft in control of the entire state mechanism as de facto ruler of the empire. For a time the most influential and feared citizen of Rome, Sejanus all of a sudden fell from power in 31, the year his career culminated with the consulship. Amidst suspicions of conspiracy against Tiberius, Sejanus was arrested and executed, along with his followers. Marcus Vipsanius AgrippaMarcus Vipsanius Agrippa (23 October or November 64/63 BC 12 BC) was a Roman statesman and general.He was a close friend, son-in-law, lieutenant and defence minister to Octavian, the future Emperor Caesar Augustus and father-in-law of the Emperor Tiberius, maternal grandfather of the Emperor Caligula, and maternal great-grandfather of the Emperor Nero. He was answerable for most of Octavians military victories, most notably winning the naval Battle of Actium against the forces of Mark Antony and Cleopatra VII of Egypt. Seneca the YoungerLucius Annaeus Seneca (often known simply as Seneca ca. BC AD 65) was a Roma n Stoic philosopher, statesman, dramatist, and in one work humorist, of the Silver Age of Latin literature. He was tutor and later advisor to Emperor Nero. While he was later forced to commit suicide for alleged complicity in the Pisonian conspiracy to assassinate Nero, the last of the Julio-Claudian emperors, he may have been innocent. His father was Seneca the elderberry bush and Vipsania Agrippina Vipsania Agrippina (36 BC-20 AD) was the daughter of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa from his first wife Pomponia Caecilia Attica, granddaughter of Ciceros friend and knight Titus Pomponius Atticus.Her maternal grandmother was a descendant of Marcus Licinius Crassus. By marriage, she was a great-niece to Quintus Tullius Cicero. Octavian and her father betrothed her to Tiberius in advance her first birthday. In 20 BC or 16 BC she married Tiberius. Their son Drusus the Younger was born in 13 BC. Agrippa died in March, 12 BC. He was married to Julia the Elder, daughter of Augustus. Augustus fo rced Tiberius to divorce Vipsania and marry Julia. Tiberius reportedly loved Vipsania and disapproved of Julia.Vipsania was at the time pregnant, and from the shock lost the baby. Livia (30 January 58 BC 28 September AD 29), after her formal adoption into the Julian family in AD 14 also known as Julia Augusta, was an empress of Rome as the third base wife of the emperor Augustus Caesar, as well as his adviser. She was the mother of the emperor Tiberius, paternal grandmother of the emperor Claudius, paternal great-grandmother of the emperor Caligula, and maternal great-great grandmother of the emperor Nero.She was deified by Claudius who acknowledged her title of Augusta. After Mark Antonys suicide following the Battle of Actium in 31 BC, Octavian had removed all obstacles to his power and henceforth govern as Emperor, from 27 BC on, under the honorary title Augustus. He and Livia formed the role model for Roman family lines. Despite their wealth and power, Augustuss family contin ued to make love modestly in their house on the Palatine Hill. Livia would set the pattern for the noble Roman matrona.She wore neither excessive jewelry nor pretentious costumes, she took care of the household and her husband (often making his clothes herself), always faithful and dedicated. In 35 BC Octavian gave Livia the unprecedented honour of ruling her own finances and dedicated a public statue to her. She had her own circle of clients and pushed many proteges into political offices, including the grandfathers of the later emperors Galba and Otho.

Foxbridge News Essay

Yesterday there is a pit enquiry go around Foxbridge, the orchestra pit is about limestone. Different sight from different group have done the enquiry, lots different opinion has said by the people from the different group. A spokesperson from the living limestone company said that the quarry will create lots of jobs for local people, which john decrease the number of people who dont have a job and more local jobs would bring more people to live in Foxbridge, so they can spend some of their coin in the village. A head teacher of Foxbridge Village primary school said the school is threatened with closure because they have so few children, and that the quarry can help the school get more students, because the quarry workers may move to the village, so their children can go to their school. the local sheep farmer said that they hoping to taint the land of the proposed quarry, because it is very fertile and suitable for growing many crops, and that can increase their year income fo r growing more and better crops.The quarry can apply new people come into the village, the Parish Council member says that the new people come into the village can help out with the Parish Council. The student who studying GCSE economics break up that last year in Britain, we exported more limestone that we imported. So we made money from selling limestone and can helped the economy. But also the quarry also will be a blot on the landscape. So people will stop visiting the village and not spending their money in the shops. So we can see the quarry can bring a large effect on the economy. The Living limestone company spokesperson also says that after they finished remove they will create a fishing lake from the quarry, which can benefit the local people and their entertainment. The caving keeps some local young people off the streets and away from alcoholic beverage and cigarettes this will be a good advantage. But the quarry also can bring some social problems.The quarry will be creaky and dusty, its can affect the quality of students study, and also bring disadvantage to the farmers. During the quarry, huge Lorries will pass the house and cause inconvenient to people who live in the street. The quarry may also damage the underground cave system around Foxbridge, the caver says that the blasting could cause accidents if people were in nigh caves at the time. The big problem with environment is that the quarry can affect local wildlife. The VisitFoxbridge spokesperson says we have a duty to preserve the ravisher of the area for the future. Which means the quarry can destroy the area/village, and affect that less tourists come to the village every year.

Christopher McCandless Essay

Christopher Johnson McCandless (February 12, 1968 August 1992) was an American hiker who adopted the alias Alexander Supertramp and ventured into the Alaskan wilderness in April 1992 with little victuals and equipment, hoping to live simply for a time in solitude. Almost four months later, McCandlesss remains were found, weighing only 67 pounds (30 kg). It has late been speculated that Chris had developed lathyrism, caused by his consumption of seeds from a flowering plant in the legume family which contain the neurotoxin ODAP. McCandlesss resulting paralysis would bemuse caused a slow inability to move, hunt or forage and this could beat led to his terminal from starvation.1 His death occurred in a converted quite a little used as a backcountry shelter, near Lake Wentitika in Denali National Park and Preserve. In January 1993, Jon Krakauer published McCandless invention in that months issue of Outside magazine. Inspired by the flesh out of McCandlesss story, Krakauer wrote and published Into the Wild in 1996 about McCandless travels. The book was adapted into a film by Sean Penn in 2007 with Emile Hirsch portraying McCandless. That aforementi stard(prenominal) year, McCandlesss story also became the subject of Ron Lamothes documentary The Call of the Wild. A full-length article on McCandless also appeargond in the February 8, 1993 issue of the The New Yorker magazine.2 Earlier yearseditChristopher McCandless was innate(p) in El Segundo, California, the first of two children to Walter Walt McCandless and Wilhelmina Billie Johnson. Chris had one younger sister, Carine. In 1976, the family settled in Annandale, Virginia, a suburb of Washington, D.C., by and by his father was employed as an antenna specialist for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). His mother worked as a secretary at Hughes Aircraft and later assisted her husband with his successful home-based consulting company in Annandale. Walt and Billie often fought and somet imes contemplated divorce.citation needed Chris and Carine had six half-siblings living in California from Walts first marriage. Walt was not yet divorced from his first married woman when Chris and Carine were born however, Chris did not discover his fathers affair until a summer trip to Southern California3 in 1986. This discovery caused him to hold a split up of bitterness towards his father, and could have been a factor in his views about society. At school, teachers noticed McCandless was unusually strong-willed.citation neededwho? Inadolescence he coupled this with intense idealism and corporeal barricadeurance.In high school, he served as captain of the cross-country team, urging teammates to treat data track as a spiritual exercise in which they were running against the forces of darkness all the evil in the world, all the hatred.4 On June 2, 1986, McCandless graduated from W.T. Woodson High School in Fairfax, Virginia. On June 10, McCandless embarked on one of his firs t study adventures in which he traveled throughout the country in his Datsun B-210, arriving at Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, two geezerhood prior to the beginning of fall classes. His upper position class background and academic success were drivers for his contempt of what he saw as the empty materialism of society. McCandless was strongly influenced by Jack London, Leo Tolstoy, W. H. Davies and heat content David Thoreau. In his junior year, he declined membership in the Phi Beta Kappa Society, on the basis that honors and titles were irrelevant. McCandless graduated from Emory on May 12, 1990, with a Bachelors degree, picture majoring in history and anthropology. He envisioned separating from organized society for a Thoreauvian period of solitary contemplation. TravelseditIn May 1990, Christopher McCandless donated the remaining $24,000, given to him by a family friend for his law degree, to Oxfam International, a hunger pr take downtion charity. Towards the end of June, he began traveling under the tell apart Alexander McCandless until later adopting the last name of Supertramp (Krakauer notes the connection with Welsh author W. H. Davies and his 1908 autobiography The Autobiography of a Super-Tramp). Most people he encountered regarded him as intelligent and one who loved to read. By the end of the summer, McCandless made his expression through Arizona, California and South Dakota, where he worked at a grain elevator in Carthage. He survived a flash flood, tho allowed his car to wash out (although it suffered little permanent damage and was later reused by the local police force as an undercover vehicle) and disposed of his indorse plate.citation needed In 1991, McCandless paddled a canoe down remote stretches of the Colorado River to the Gulf of California. He crossed the border to Mexico and, having gotten lost in some dead-end canals, was towed by duckhunters to the sea, where he stayed for some time. He as wellk pride in surviving w ith a minimum of gear and funds, and generally made little preparation. Alaskan OdysseyeditFor years, McCandless dreamed of an Alaskan Odyssey wherein he would live off the land of the Alaskan wilderness, far apart from civilization, and find himselfcitation needed. He kept a journal describing his physical and spiritual advance as he faced the forces of nature. In April 1992, McCandless hitchhiked from Enderlin, North Dakota, to Fairbanks, Alaska. He was last seen alive on April 28, 1992, by Jim Gallien, a local, who gave him a ride from Fairbanks to the head of the stampede Trail. Gallien was concerned about Alex, who had minimal supplies (not even a compass) and no experience surviving in the Alaskan slewh. Gallien repeatedly tried to persuade Alex to defer his trip, and even offered to drive him to Anchorage to buy suitable equipment and supplies. However, McCandless ignored Galliens warnings, refusing all assistance except for a pair of Wellington rubber boots, two tuna fis h melt sandwiches, and a bag of corn chips. Gallien allowed Chris to wander off with the belief that he would head back towards the highway within a few days as his eventual hunger set in. After hiking along the snow-covered Stampede Trail, McCandless found an abandoned bus (about 40 miles (64 km) west of Healy) used as a hunting shelter and parked on an overgrown section of the trail near Denali National Park, and began to live off the land.He had 10 pounds (4.5 kg) of rice, a Remington semi-automatic rifle with 400 rounds of .22LR hollowpoint ammunition, several books including one on local plant life, and some camping equipment. He assumed he could forage for plant food and hunt game. For the next thirty days or so, McCandless poached porcupines, squirrels, and birds, such as ptarmigans and Canada geese. On June 9, 1992, he managed to kill a moose however, he failed to follow the meat properly, and within days it spoiled and was covered with maggots. His journal contains entries covering a total of 112 days. These entries range from ecstatic to grim with McCandless changing fortunes. In July, after living in the bus for three months, he decided to leave, but found the trail back blocked by the Teklanika River, which was then considerably high and swifter than when he crossed in April. Unknown to McCandless, there was a hand-operated tram that crossed the river only 14 of a mile away from where he had previously crossed. In the 2007 documentary The Call of the Wild, evidence is acted that McCandless had a be at his disposal, which should have helped him findanother route to safety.5 McCandless lived in the bus for a total of 113 days. At some point during that time, presumably very near the end, he posted an S.O.S. note calling on anyone passing by to help him because he was injured and too weak. The full note read Attention Possible Visitors. S.O.S. I need your help. I am injured, near death, and too weak to hike out. I am all alone, this is no joke. I n the name of God, please remain to save me. I am out collect berries close by and shall return this evening. Thank you, Chris McCandless. August?6 DeatheditOn August 12, 1992, McCandless wrote what are apparently his final words in his journal Beautiful Blueberries. He tore the final page from Louis LAmours memoir, Education of a Wandering Man, which contains an excerpt from a Robinson Jeffers poem titled Wise men in Their Bad Hours Deaths a fierce meadowlark but to die having madeSomething more(prenominal) equal to centuriesThan muscle and bone, is mostly to shed weakness.The mountains are dead stone, the peopleAdmire or hate their stature, their insolent quietness,The mountains are not softened or troubledAnd a few dead mens thoughts have the same temper. His body was found in his sleeping bag inside the bus by Butch Killian, a local hunter, on September 6, 1992.7 McCandless had been dead for more than two weeks and weighed an estimated 30 kilograms (66 lb). His official, und isputed cause of death was starvation. Krakauer suggests two factors may have contributed to McCandlesss death. First, he was running the risk of a phenomenon known as rabbit starvation due to increased activity, compared with the leanness of the game he was hunting.8 Krakauer also speculates that McCandless might have ingested toxic seeds (Hedysarum alpinum or Hedysarum mackenzii) or a mold that grows on them (Rhizoctonia leguminicola produces the toxic alkaloid swainsonine).However, an article in Mens Journal stated that extensive laboratory testing showed there was no toxin present in McCandlesss food supplies. Dr. Thomas Clausen, the chair of the chemistry and biochemistry department at UAF said I tore that plant apart. There were no toxins. No alkaloids. Id eat it myself.9 Analysis of the wild sweet peas, given as the cause of Chriss death in Sean Penns film, turned up no toxic compounds and there is not a single account in modern medical literature of anyone being poisoned by thisspecies of plant.5 As one journalist put it He didnt find a way out of the bush, couldnt catch enough food to survive, and simply starved to death.9 However, the accident of death through the consumption of the mold, which grew on the seeds in the damp bags which McCandless stored them in, was considered a suitable explanation by Krakauer.3 Subsequently the academic Ronald Hamilton made the link mingled with the symptoms described by Chris and the intoxication of Jewish prisoners in the Nazi concentration camp in Vapniarca. He put forward the proposal that Chris McCandless died of lathyrism caused by ODAP poisoning from Hedysarum alpinum seeds which hadnt been picked up by the previous studies as they were searching for alkaloid instead of toxic protein. The protein would be relatively harmless to a well-fed mortal on a normal diet, but toxic to someone who was malnourished, physically stressed, and on an irregular and insufficient diet, as McCandless was. Subsequent tests r evealed ODAP was indeed present in the seeds. 1011 CriticismeditMcCandless has been a polarizing figure ever since his story first broke following his death, along with Krakauers Outside article on him in January 1993. While Krakauer and many readers have a largely sympathetic view of McCandless,12 others, particularly Alaskans, have expressed negative views about McCandless and those who romanticize his fate.13 The most charitable view among McCandlesss detractors is that his behavior showed a profound lack of common sense. He chose not to bring a compass, something that most people in the same situation would have considered essential. McCandless was also completely unaware that a hand-operated tram crossed the otherwise impassable river 0.25 miles (0.40 km) from where he attempted to cross. Had McCandless known this, he could easily have saved his own life.4 There has been some speculation (particularly in details given in the Lamothe documentary) that he vandalised survival cabi ns and supplies in the area. However, Ken Kehrer, chief fire warden for Denali National Park, denied that McCandless was considered a vandalism suspect by the National Park Service.14 His venture into a wilderness area alone, without adequate planning, experience, preparation, or supplies, without notifying anyone and lacking tinge communication equipment, was contrary to every principle of outdoor survival and, in the eyes of many experienced outdoorenthusiasts, nearly certain to end in misfortune. Alaskan Park Ranger Peter Christian wroteWhen you consider McCandless from my perspective, you quickly see that what he did wasnt even particularly daring, just stupid, tragic, and inconsiderate. First off, he spent very little time learning how to actually live in the wild. He arrived at the Stampede Trail without even a map of the area. If he had had a good map he could have walked out of his predicament Essentially, Chris McCandless committed suicide.13 Sherry Simpson, writing in the Anchorage Press, described her trip to the bus with a friend, and their reaction upon reading the comments that tourists had left lauding McCandless as an insightful, Thoreau-like figure Among my friends and acquaintances, the story of Christopher McCandless makes great after-dinner conversation. Much of the time I agree with the he had a death wish camp because I dont know how else to reconcile what we know of his ordeal. Now and then I venture into the what a dumb territory, harden by brief alliances with the he was just another romantic boy on an all-American quest partisans. Mostly Im puzzled by the way hes emerged as a hero.15 Jon Krakauer defends McCandless, claiming that what critics point to as arrogance was merely McCandlesss desire for being the first to explore a caisson spot on the map. Krakauer continues that In 1992, however, there were no more blank spots on the mapnot in Alaska, not anywhere. But Chris, with his individual logic, came up with an elegant soluti on to this dilemma He simply got rid of the map. In his own mind, if nowhere else, the terra would thereby remain incognita.16 Others have pointed out that a map of the area (although apparently not including the location of the hand-powered tram) was found among McCandlesss belongings, and refute the accusations that he intentionally discarded this map.17

Fin 516 Quiz 2

1. Question (TCO D) Which of the following factors would increase the likelihood that a company would call its prominent bonds at this time? (a) The yield to maturity on the companys outstanding bonds increases due to a weakening of the firms financial situation. (b) A provision in the bond indenture lowers the call price on specific dates, and yesterday was atomic number 53 of those dates. (c) The flotation costs associated with issuing untried bonds rise. (d) The firms CFO believes that chase order are likely to decline in the future. e) The firms CFO believes that corpo identify tax rates are likely to be increased in the future. Student resolve (b) A provision in the bond indenture lowers the call price on specific dates, and yesterday was one of those dates. Instructor invoice Answer is b Chapter 20, pp. 810 815 Points Received 20 of 20 Comments 2. Question (TCO D) The State of Idaho issued $2,000,000 ofseven percentcoupon, 20-year biennial payment, ta x-exempt bondsfive years ago.The bonds hadfive years of call protection, but now the state can call the bonds if it chooses to do so. The call tribute would befive percentof the face amount. Today 15-year, five percent, semiannual payment bonds can be sold at par, but flotation costs on this issue would be two percent. What is the net present value of the refunding? Because these are tax-exempt bonds, taxes are not relevant. (a) $278,606 (b) $292,536 (c) $307,163 (d) $322,521 (e) $338,647 Student Answer (a) $278,606 Cost of refunding Call agiotage = 5% (2mil) = 100,000 Floatation cost = 2% (2mil) = 40,000 Total investment outlay = 140,000 fill on old bond = 7%/2(2mil) = 70,000 Interest on new bond = 5%/2(2mil) = 50,000 Savings = 20,000 PV of nest egg, 30 periods at 5%/2 = 418,606 NPV of refunding = PV of savings cost of refunding = 278,606 Instructor Explanation Answer is a Chapter 20, pp. 810 815 Call premium 5% middle-aged rate 7% floatation % 2% New rate 5% Amount $2 ,000,000 Years 15Cost of refunding Call premium = 5% ($2,000,000) $100,000 Flotation cost = 2% ($2,000,000) $ 40,000 Total investment outlay $140,000 Interest on old bond per 6 months Old rate/2 ? Amount = $70,000 Interest on new bond per 6 months New rate/2 ? Amount = $50,000 Savings per six months $20,000 PV of savings, 30 periods new rate/2 = $418,606 NPV of refunding = PV of savings Cost of refunding = $278,606 Points Received 20 of 20 Comments 3. Question (TCO D) New York Waste (NYW) is considering refunding a $50,000,000, annual payment, 14 percentcoupon, 30-year bond issue that was issuedfive years ago. It has been amortizing $3 million of flotation costs on these bonds over their 30-year life. The company could sell a new issue of 25-year bonds at an annual interest rate of 11. 67 percentin todays market. A call premium of 14percentwould be required to retire the old bonds, and flotation costs on the new issue would amount to $3 million. NYWs marginal tax rate i s 40 percent. The new bonds would be issued when the old bonds are called.What will the after-tax annual interest savings for NYW be if the refunding takes place? (a) $664,050 (b) $699,000 (c) $768,900 (d) $845,790 (e) $930,369 Student Answer (b) $699,000 Old Interest 50,000,000(. 14)(. 60) = 4,200,000 New Interest 50,000,000(. 1167)(. 6) = 3,501,000 Difference is 699,000 Instructor Explanation Answer is b Chapter 20, pp. 810 815 Old interest $50,000,000(0. 14)(0. 6) = $4,200,000 New interest $50,000,000(0. 1167)(0. 6) = (3,501,000) Net annual interest savings $699,000 Points Received 20 of 20 Comments 4. Question (TCO E) Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) affirmation 13 requires that for an unqualified audit report, financial (or capital) leases must be included in the balance sheet by reporting the (a) residual value as a fixed asset. (b) residual value as a li index. (c) present value of future lease payments as an asset and also showing this alike( p) amount as an offsetting liability. (d) undiscounted sum of future lease payments as an asset and as an offsetting liability. e) undiscounted sum of future lease payments, less the residual value, as an asset, and as an offsetting liability. Student Answer (c) present value of future lease payments as an asset and also showing this same amount as an offsetting liability. Instructor Explanation Answer is c Chapter 18, pp. 738 740 Points Received 20 of 20 Comments 5. Question (TCO E) In the lease versus buy decision, leasing is often preferable (a) because it has no effect on the firms ability to borrow to make other investments. b) because, generally, no down payment is required, and there are no indirect interest costs. (c) because lease obligations do not presume the firms risk as seen by investors. (d) because the lessee owns the property at the end of the least term. (e) because the lessee may have greater flexibility in abandoning the project in which the hi red property is used than if the lessee bought and owned the asset. Student Answer (c) because lease obligations do not affect the firms risk as seen by investors. Instructor Explanation Answer is e Chapter 18, pp. 740 745 Points Received 0 of 20 Comments

Contribute To Children And Young People Essay

1.1 Outline the wellness and safe policies and procedures of the work setting 1.2 Identify the lines of responsibility and reporting for health and safety in the work setting SUPERVISION OF PUPILS The safety of pupils in the classrooms is the responsibility of the material body Teacher. fork Teachers be expected to exercise effective supervision of the pupils and to know the emergency procedures in respect of levy, barrage sc atomic number 18 and first aid, and to machinery them coiffe break of the closet to give clear instructions and warning as a good deal as is necessary. Children should never be left unsupervised. Suitable supervision leave alone also be carried out when Children argon leaving the shoal premises at the end of the day, during break durations and Mid-day break.ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT tot eithery(prenominal) electrical equipment lead receive a regular inspection by a suitably adept instalment of mental faculty.STORAGE OF CLEANING MATERIALSAuthorise d chemicals and otherwise cleaning materials must be kept low lock at all timesFURNITUREFurniture that is non in good motive should be reported to the Headteacher and removed from use if considered unsafe.LIFTING AND MANUAL HANDLINGInjuries can be beard by ridiculous lifting and handling of objects, (which need not be large or heavy). Therefore each operation where lifting or handling is involved should be avoided where possible.WORKING AT HEIGHT all in all staff are asked not to carry out work at height unless it is agreed by their line manager that it is necessary. The position manager pass on keep a concurlist of regular inspections of any steps, ladders and stepladders. No displays are to be higher(prenominal) than 3.5 m in the inculcate hall.CONTRACTORSThe Site Manager ordain liaise with and manage all contractors orgasm onto the site. All contractorsRISK ASSESSMENTAn annual stake opinion lead be carried out by the Finance and rounding Committee who will infor m the Headteacher of their findings. All potential hazards should be reported to the Headteacher immediately.STRESS centering is acknowledged by the school as a potential cause of staff illness and all efforts are made to reduce it.NEW AND EXPECTANT MOTHERSThe school recognise the fact that new and anticipative mothers (NEMs) are at an increased risk of a) injury to themselves and their unborn tike b) injury to others who whitethorn be affected by their actions. To master the safety of the NEM a risk assessment will be carried out by a competent individual and the death penalty of controls to eliminate or reduce risk will be put in place.C.O.S.H.H.The Caretaker will maintain a C.O.S.H.H. record for the school. All hazardous substances are under lock in the perplexitytakers cupboard.ASBESTOS The conditions asbestos survey is kept in the Admin affair and is available for inspection by contractors running(a) on the site who are also ask to mutual opposition on a countersig n confirming that they sustain seen the survey.ACCIDENTS TO STAFF AND PUPILSAll accidents will be recorded in the admit accident book (see Reporting Procedures). Parents/Carers should be contacted by phone for any child who has suffered a bump to the head they will then either be sent home or will remain in school under close supervision. Should parents/carers be unavailable the child will be given an advice slip to take home with him/her at the end of the day.FIRST AID* First uphold will be administered but only as far as knowledge and skill permit. * All teaching and support staff have either undergone the required basic First Aid knowledge or have agreed to participate in future training offered by the school.ILLNESS If a child is taken ill in school, the parent/carer will be informed as currently as possible and the child will be cared for in school until such time as the parent can arrange to take the child home.FIRE DRILLDuring any Fire action or evacuation due to the sou nding of the Fire Alarms all staff must ensure that visually or hearing impaired children or adults are located immediately and led to safety. 1. The Headteacher, Assistant Head, School Secretary or Caretaker will set off the alarm, (in the case of a real fire soul finding the fire would set off the adjacent alarm). 2. Each class will avoid the build as apace and quietly as possible and children will assemble on playground. If during registration time teachers should take their class evidence with them, if it is outside registration time the School Secretary will guide the registers and signing-in book to the playground, pupils will then be checked off. 3. The Headteacher or Assistant Head will check with Class Teachers that all are accounted for.FIRE EXTINGUISHERS are located at the pastime points Sterile trance theatre of operations by Secretarys Office door water extinguisher (red) and Carbon Dioxide (red) Staff room by Fire Exit powder extinguisher (red) and fireBomb ScareThe soulfulness made aware of the scare will raise the alarm by setting off the nearest fire alarm and evacuation would occur in the same sort as it would for a fire. gas pedal LeakIn the event of a Gas Leak at that place must be a Verbal Evacuation starting with the nearest class in session.DO NOT TURN ON OR OFF ANY SWITCHES AND DO NOT OPERATE FIRE ALARM. Proceed as for a Bomb Scare.AREAS OF RESPONSIBILITYHeadteacherThe Headteacher is responsible and accountable to the Governors for implementing this school policy and for all matters relating to health, safety and welfare in spite of appearance the establishment. In particular this will include being the focal point for day-to-day references on safety and endowment advice or indicating sources of advice Co-ordinating theimplementation of safety procedures ensuring that regular health and safety inspections of the school are undertaken and that working practices are checked ensuring that adequate assessment of significa nt risks from hazards in educational activities is made and appropriate measures are in place for such safe practice reporting to the Chairman of Governors so that arrangements can be made to deal with premises management issues, e.g. repair and maintenance of twists, selection and control of contractors and the development and implementation of emergency procedures maintaining contact with outside agencies able to offer expert advice ensuring that accidents and hazards are recorded, reported as appropriate and that remedial action is taken, when necessary reviewing, at least annually, the procedures and systems of work in place identifying and fulfilling training needs.In the event of the Headteacher and Assistant Head being off-site or unable to fulfil their responsibilities due to injury, the coterminous most senior member of staff will assume these responsibilities.VISITSVisits out of school are nonionized by staff who are fully informed of any physical ailments of the c hildren in their care.Pabulum leave the catering facilities to the school and operate their own codes of Health and Safety, monitored by their client managers.SAFER RECRUITMENT / SAFEGUARDING CHILDRENThe procedures for safer recruitment and safeguarding pupils will follow council guidelines.VISITORS TO THE SCHOOLAll visitors to the school must report to the Office and sign the Visitors Log. When they leave they should sign out.ALCOHOL, DRUGS AND SMOKINGThe abuse of alcohol or drugs is a safety hazard and if there is any hesitation that a member of staff or visitor is under the influence of either, then this must be reported to the Head Teacher who will take the appropriate disciplinary action. Smoking within the school site is prohibited and signs are posted at entrances.VIOLENCEViolence and harassment in twain physical and verbal forms will not be tolerated within the school, either among employees or between employees and non employees.EDUCATIONAL VISITSThe school recognises tha t educational visits, away from the safety of the school site, expose school employees, pupils and non employee volunteers to potentially undiscovered risk. 1.3 explain what a risk assessment is and how this is managed in the work setting A risk assessment is a document employees must create to evaluate the risks regarding health and safety and use it to swear out alter the protection in the workplace. Employers must identify hazards and assess the associated risk. When a risk assessment is required in my work setting. The person(s) in charge of the activity will create the document and then have it okay by the heard teacher and health and safety officer. The document Is then uploaded to the school network for other member of staff to modify if they require a similar risk assessment. However all risk assessments must be authorised but the head teacher and must also be re-assessed yearly.2.1 Explain why a safe but challenging environment is significant for children and young s tack It is important for children and young people to have a safe but challenging environment so they are able to develop their skills and not become afraid of trying new things. However safety is an requirement so they are comfortable and have a positive experience.2.2 Identify the difference between a risk and a hazardA hazard is an existing condition/situation that is likely to cause harm. For example, ice on the school site. A risk is a potential condition/situation that whitethorn occur and could become a hazard. For example if the cold temperatures continue there could be ice on the school site.3.1 Identify non- health check incidents and emergencies that may occur in the worksettings. Non-medical incidents and emergencies that may occur in my school are things such as flooding in classrooms or playgrounds, or electrical faults in the school, for example, internet not working, lighting down or heating not working. These are issues that require sorting quickly but do not requ ire medical assistance.3.2 Outline the actions to take in response to the following situations FiresDuring any Fire Drill or evacuation when the Fire Alarms sound, all staff must ensure that visually or hearing impaired children or adults are located immediately and led to safety. The person finding the fire would set off the nearest alarm. Each class will evacuate the building quickly and quietly. Children will Line up on the playground. The school Secretary will bring the registers and signing-in book to the playground, pupils will then be checked off. The Headteacher or Assistant Head will check with Class Teachers that all are accounted for.All class teachers should take evacuation key if needed and shut all internal doors after doing a final check. If in the hall all children and staff must evacuate by front entrance and continue to the playground the exploitation path around the back of pre-school. some(prenominal) staff members of pupils are in the staff room or PPA room th ey must evacuate via the fire exit and continue to playground. Staff members and pupils in the office and head teachers office must evacuate using the main fire door and head to the playground.Receptionist must take the key for the gate and leave by the front entrance and proceed to the playground. Pupils and staff in working in the ICT Room and Den must Take the evacuation key and leave by Fire exit continue across car park and follow the path around the back of pre-school The Secretary must Telephone Fire aggroup (unless in instant danger) and collect evacuation key, registers and signing-in book and proceed through main entrance to playground. Kitchen staff must leave via the fire exit and proceed to the playground.Security incidentsAll visitors to the school must register at the Office and sign the Visitors Log. When they leave they should sign out. They will be presented with avisitors badge to ruin and must keep it on until they leave the site. All visitors must be accompani ed by a member of staff during their time on the school site. If I notice a person has come onto the site that is not authorised I should notify a senior member of staff and they will question why they are on the site. My school is very close to a wooded area is it very easy for people to accidently enter the site. The unauthorised person must always exit the way they entered.Emergency incidentsIf a child becomes unwell whilst at school and they require immediate medical care an ambulance would be called, followed by a call to the parent or guardian. If the child could move easily, for example an wound arm we would take them to a calm area. If the child cannot move the area will be readable until the person has been moved by a medical team all members of staff involved in the situation must monitor the child, especially for shock.4.1 Identify the signs and symptoms which may indicate that a child or young person is injured or unwellChildren will normally tell you if they are reli sh unwell, you can check for signs by feeling is they are hot or cold, they may be precarious or sweating. They may look pale, or if are kick of a sore throat you may be able to see the tonsils or glands are enlarged. The obvious signs of injury are blood if a child has cut themselves, if a child has fallen but there is no blood there will often be a bruise or slight swelling, if a child is complaining of severe pain, there could be a chance of a sprain or breakage, the limb could be in an unusual position, and swelling.4.2 Identify circumstances when children or young people may need imperative medical attention A child will need urgent medical attention is they are unconscious, have had a nock to the head and are suffering from concussion, if a child has been electrocuted, if they are having an hypersensitive reaction. They will also require urgent medical attention if they have a breakage or severe fracture. In my setting I must also look for symptoms for meningitisin children as they will require urgent medical attention. 4.3 Outline one role and responsibilities in the event of a child or young person requiring urgent medical attention If a child requires urgent medical attention I am able to take control of the situation as I am paediatric first aid trained.I would need assistance is an ambulance is required. I must carry out some(prenominal) actions required and after fill out an incident form.5.1Describe the reporting procedures for accident, incidents, emergencies and illnesses All accidents, incidents and emergencies must be logged in the accident book unless treatment from a medical team is needed. In this case the incident would have to be recorded on a full accident form. 6.1 Outline procedures for infection control in own work setting The schools infection control is as follows Children with rashes should be considered infectious and assessed by their doctor. A child diagnosed with chicken pox, measles, and shingles should be kept away until all vesicles have crusted over. Children diagnosed with Impetigo should be kept away from school until lesions are crusted and healed, or 48 hours after starting antibiotic treatment. Children suffering from Diarrhoea and/or vomiting should be kept out of school for 48 hours from goal occurrence.6.2 Describe personal protective clothing that is used to prevent spread of infection When performing any type of first aid, gloves and an apron must be worn to prevent spread of infection. If the child or young person requires CPR the first aider can use a mouth shield when giving the rescue breaths.7.1 Identify the procedures of the work setting governing the receipt, storage and administration of medicines If a child requires a medicine whilst on the school premises they will be given a form to assoil which allows members of staff at the school to administer the medicine. The information required isName of illness and medication requiredWhat time medicine should be administered and how oftenDosage and methodSide effectsSelf-administration or help requiredThe form is then checked over by the secretary and information is passed on to the member of staff that will be administering the medicine. The form also states the medicine must be in the certain container as dispensed by the pharmacy.7.2 explain how the procedures of the work setting protect both children and young people and practitioners It is important to have policies and procedure set in place for administering medicines to ensure the medication they are winning is and the school have been given permission to administer it. If a child is given the wrong loony toons they can become extremely ill or possibly have an anaphylactic shock. Have in a policy in place will ensure the person administering has the correct knowledge so that the child will be safe when taking the medication.

Nuclear Fusion Power Of The Hot Sun Environmental Sciences Essay

The use by which twain or to a greater extent(prenominal) than nuclear karyon articulation together, or fuse , to imprint a individual heavier karyon. During this mathematical function, affair is non conserved because some of the round of the fusing karyon is converted to energy, which is released. Fusion is the procedure that federal agencys active stars. If light karyons ar world situationd together, they bequeath blend with a output of energy because the mass of the combination will be slight than the amount of the multitudes of the single karyon. If the combined atomic mass is less than that of Fe at the extremum of the binding energy curve, so the atomic atoms will be more tightly bound than they were in the igniter karyon, and that lessening in mass comes off in the course of energy harmonizing to the Einstein relationship. For heavier elements than Fe, fission will give energy. For possible atomic energy beginnings for the Earth, the deuterium-tritium nuclear fusion reception contained by some sort of magnetic bankrupturiency seems the most likely way. However, for the fueling of the stars, other nuclear fusion reaction answers will rule.Types of spinal fusion Fusion reactions are of two basic types ( 1 ) those that preserve the figure of protons and neutrons and ( 2 ) those that involve a transition between protons and neutrons. Chemical reactions of the first type are most of importation for operable merger energy production, whereas those of the 2nd type are important to the induction of star combustion. The annotating indicates an arbitrary component, AZX, where Z is the charge of the karyon and A is the atomic weight. An of import merger reaction for practical energy coevals is that between heavy hydrogen and tritium.Nuclear Fusion ReactorsThere are two types of atomic merger reactor Magnetic parturiency reactors and inertial parturiency reactors. Magnetic parturiency reactors comport so many parts Vacuum vas holds the plasma and keeps the reaction chamber in a vacuity, Neutral beam injector injects particle beams from the gas pedal into the plasma to assist genus Oestrus the plasma to unfavourable temperature Magnetic athletic field spirals superconducting magnets that confine, form and incorporate the plasma utilizing magnetic Fieldss, Transformers transmit electricity to the magnetic field spirals, Cooling equipment cool the magnets, Blanket modules made of Li absorb heat and high-energy neutrons from the merger reaction and Diverters exhaust the He merchandises of the merger reaction.Here s how the procedure will workThe merger reactor will heat a watercourse of heavy hydrogen and tritium fuel to organize high-temperature plasma. It will shove the plasma so that merger can puzzle topographic point. The power needed to get down the merger reaction will be about 70 megawatts, only if the power output from the reaction will be about five hundred megawatts. The merger reaction will last f rom 300 to 500 seconds. The Li covers outside the plasma reaction chamber will absorb high-energy neutrons from the merger reaction to do more tritium fuel. The covers will acquire het up(p) by the neutrons.3.The heat will be transportred by a water-cooling cringle to a heat money changer to do steam.4.The steam will commence electrical turbines to nonplus fore electricity.5.The steam will be condensed back into H2O to absorb more heat from the reactor in the heat money changer.An inertial merger reactor consists of accentuate mill, mark injection and tracking systems, the optical maser, a merger chamber, and a power transition system.In inertial reactor atomic, fusion reactions are initiated by heating and compacting a fuel mark, typically in the descriptor of a pellet that most frequently contains a mixture of heavy hydrogen and tritium.To compact and heat the fuel, energy is delivered to the outer bottom of the mark utilizing high-energy beams of optical maser visible rad iation, negatrons or ions, although for a mix of grounds, about all ICF devices to day of the month hold used optical masers. The het outer bed explodes outward, bring forthing a reaction force against the balance of the mark, speed uping it inwards, compacting the mark. This procedure may besides mention jolt moving ridges that travel inward through the mark. A sufficiently powerful set of daze moving ridges can compact and heat the fuel at the centre so much that merger reactions occur. The energy released by these reactions will so heat the environing fuel, which may besides get down to support merger. The purpose of ICF ( Inertial parturiency merger ) is to bring forth a status known as ignition , where this warming procedure causes a concatenation reaction that burns a important part of the fuel. Typical fuel pellets are about the size of a dumbbell and contain about 10 mgs of fuel in pattern, merely a little proportion of this fuel will undergo merger, but if all this fu el were consumed it would let go of the energy equivalent to firing a barrel of oil.How atomic merger work in the SunDuring merger, H signifiers a plasma ( the province of affair when heated to a really high temperature ) . The atomic karyon in the plasma shed their negatrons and the forces of repulsive force between these are really high. However, some fuse and alteration into He, let go ofing big sums of energy. On the Sun, the chance that two H karyons will blend is highly low but the immense Numberss of nuclei symbolise beginnings this. aaA?aaA?Using atomic merger in industryThe newest country in which atomic chemists play an of import function is the field of atomic medical checkup specialty. Nuclear medical specialty is a quickly spread outing subdivision of wellness attention that uses ephemeral radioactive isotopes to name unwellnesss and to mete out specific diseases. Nuclear chemists synthesize drugs from radionuclides produced in atomic reactors or gas pedals that are injected into the patient and will so seek out specific variety meats or cancerous neoplasms. Diagnosis involves usage of the radiopharmaceutical to bring forth an image of the tumour or organ to place jobs that may be missed by x beams or physical scrutinies. Treatment involves utilizing radioactive compounds at carefully controlled doses to destruct tumours. These atomic medical specialty techniques hold much promise for the hereafter because they use biological chemical science to narrow mark cells much more exactly than traditional radiation therapy, which uses radiation from external beginnings to kill tumour cells, killing no mark cells.Advantages of utilizing atomic mergerNuclear merger releases tremendous sums of heat, which is used to telephone number H2O into steam to drive turbines and electrical generators with a individual atomic reactor bring forthing more energy per unit of weight than conventional fossil fuels.2 ) The coevals of atomic energy does non invite the c ombustion of fossil fuels and so does non foul the ambiance with toxicant nursery gases such as C dioxide or S dioxide doing it a much cleaner fuel than other types of electrical energy production.3 ) The sum of power a standard atomic power station can bring forth is so big that a individual power station can provide electrical power to many 10s of 1000s of places over a big country and limitless.4 ) Nuclear power Stationss themselves do non take up much land country leting them to be placed near to industrial countries cut pop the demand to reassign power over long distances.5 ) art object atomic reactors and power Stationss are expensive to construct, their operating costs are low compared to an tantamount coal or gas blast station.Disadvantages of utilizing atomic mergerThe radioactive waste can possess a menace to the environment and is serious for worlds. We all remember the Chernobyl accident, where the harmful effects of atomic radiation on worlds can even be witnessed t oday. Estimates conclude that someplace between 15 000 and 30 000 people lost their lifeaaa?s in the Chernobyl wake and more than 2.5 million Ukrainians are still fighting with wellness jobs related to atomic waste. exclusively last twelvemonth, on March 18, a major atomic crisis happened once more in Japan. While the casualties were non every bit high as with the Chernobyl accident, the environmental effects were black.By and large atomic merger is on of new phenomena that human detect it. Nuclear merger happened in the Sun by turn of events H to He still scientists have a long manner to travel. Nuclear merger power is advantages and disadvantages and so many restrictions as a power beginning. However fuels will complete so briefly so atomic merger possibly in future can be a worthy and safe.AAArticle Beginning hypertext transfer protocol //EzineArticles.com/7155300Article Beginning hypertext transfer protocol //EzineArticles.com/7155300Article Beginning hypertext transfer prot ocol //EzineArticles.com/7155300Article Beginning hypertext transfer protocol //EzineArticles.com/7155300Article Beginning hypertext transfer protocol //EzineArticles.com/7155300

Islam and Muslim Contact Unit

The term Islamophobia was first use in print in 1991 and was defined in the Runnymede Trust Report as unfounded hostility towards Islam, and and then misgiving or dislike of either or most Muslims. The word has been coined because there is a sore reality which needs naming anti-Muslim prejudice has grown so recollectably and so rapidly in recent years that a new item in the vocabulary is needed so that it stinkpot be identified and acted against. (Sajid 2005) The term Islamophobia was coined by way of analogy to xenophobia, which is a dislike or fear of people from other countries or of that which is perceived to be foreign or strange.Some definitions suggest xenophobia as arising from unreason or unreason this can also be said for islamophobia. Islamophobia can be characterized by the sentiment that all or most Muslims ar religious fanatics, have violent tendencies towards non- Muslims, and reject concepts such as equality, tolerance, and democracy. It is a new form of r acism where Muslims, an ethno-religious group, atomic number 18 constructed as a race. A set of prejudicial assumptions are made of the entire group to the detriment of members of that group.During the 1990s many sociologists and cultural essay writer toronto analysts observed a shift in racist ideas from ones ground on skin color to ones based on notions of cultural superiority and otherness. (Sajid 2005) In Britain and other europiuman or Western countries, Manifestations of anti-muslim hostility has been exemplified in many verbal as well as physical attacks on Muslims in public places and attacks on mosques and desecration of Muslim cemeteries. Before 9/11, in Western countries negative stereotypes and remarks in speeches by political leaders, implying that Muslims are less committed than others to democracy and the rule of law.There was a rise in the number of shun crimes against Muslims in capital of the United Kingdom in 2010, these hate crimes were being encouraged by m ainstream politicians and sections of the media, a study pen by a former Scotland Yard counter-terrorism officer, published January 26, 2010, says that attacks ranging from death threats and murder to persistent low-level assaults, such as spitting and name-calling, are in part whipped up by extremists and sections of mainstream society. Lambert headed Scotland Yards Muslim liaison unit, which helped improve relations between the police and Britains Islamic communities.The study mentions no newspapers or writers by name, just alleges that the book Londonistan, by the Mail writer Melanie Phillips, played a part in triggering hate crimes. Londonistan is a book about the spread ofIslamismin theUnited Kingdomover the past twenty years. When London was hit by suicide bombers in July 2005, the dirty little secret was finally out. Great Britain had been the European hub of Islamist extremism for more(prenominal) than a decade. Under the noses of British intelligence, a network of terro rists and their sympathizers had used Britain to plot, finance, recruit and train for atrocities in the United States and around the world.The scale of this activity was so large that exasperated European security system agencies dubbed Britains capital city Londonistan. (Phillips 2006). In Europe and in America as well, it can be seen in far-flung and routine negative stereotyping in the media and everyday discourse in ways that would not be pleasing if the reference were, for vitrine, to Jewish or black people. (Dodd 2010) Islamophobia is heightened by a number of contextual pointors. One of these is the fact that a high proportion of refugees are Muslims.Demonization of refugees is therefore keep goingly a coded attack on Muslims, for the linguistic process Muslim, asylum-seeker, refugee, and immigrant become synonymous in the popular imagination. In this case, the common experiences of immigrant communities with unemployment, rejection, alienation and violence have combin e with Islamophobia to make integration really difficult. This has led Muslim communities to suffer higher levels of unemployment, poor housing, poor wellness and higher levels of racially motivated violence than other communities. (sajid 2010).For example, in 2003, when the Home Office produced a batting order about alleged deceit and dishonesty amongst people seeking asylum, it chose to illustrate its concerns by focusing on someone with a Muslim name. France has been wracked by tensions over its rapidly growing Muslim minority. Another example of this would France banning the wearing of Islamic veils and other face coverings earlier this year, claiming they were both degrading and a security risk. Belgium has passed similar legislation, and Switzerland banned the building of minarets, the tall spires which often stand next to mosques. Ghazi 2006) A large discharge that fuels the fires in the battle against Islamophobia is the drawing of cartoons offending the Islamic prophet, M uhammad. More particularizedally, this issue began later 12tower cartoons, most of whichdepictedthe IslamicprophetMuhammad, were published in the DanishnewspaperJyllands-Postenon family 30, 2005. These Danish cartoonists targeted Muhammad as a way to attack the Muslims freedom of free speech and religion. In Muslim societies insulting Muhammad is the gravest of all crimes also considered blasphemy and punishable by death.Unfortunately, some events that followed these insults toward Muhammad ended in ninefold deaths. The Organization of the Islamic Conference has denounced calls for the death of the Danish cartoonists. The obvious denial of this request caused attacks on innocents and riots all over Europe. Some acts included bombing of Christians at church, burning of churches, slaughtering innocent children and other civilians, and one specific incident included killing innocent train passengers. Even before the Jyllands-Posten riots, there were plenty of anti-Muslim acts in Eu rope.One of which was the Dutch politician Pim Fortuyns assassination in 2002 for his anti-Islamic views. He called Islam a backward culture and valued to stop Muslim immigration. After his death his party made its de moreover in Parliament with a 17% seat share showing how popular he was at that time. Another example of Europes anti-Muslim views as well as the Islams intolerance for the belittling of their culture is the assassination of Theo wagon train Gogh In 2004. Van Gogh directed a short movie called Submission which time-tested to highlight the role of women in Islam.While the movie came in for a lot of criticism, van Gogh was kill in the same year over the movie. Specifically, the fear of Muslims became more prevalent in the United States after(prenominal) the events that occurred on September 11, 2001. In order to study Muslim Americans framing in the news media after 9/11, it is important to focus on two specific occlusions the first six-month period after the attac ks and the period after the first day of remembrance of September 11. The two periods are very important because the news good example entirely changed during these two episodes.In the first immediate six months after 9/11, the media representation was very positive, comprehensive, frequent and contextual. However, after the first anniversary of 9/11, the media coverage changed. It became very negative, stereotypical and exclusive. By the first anniversary of September 11, the portrayal of Muslim Americans in both print and cable news had completely shifted from the more frequent, positive, contextual,thematic, descriptive and comprehensive coverage to a more frequent, negative, stereotypical,episodicand exclusive coverage.The share of reporting on Muslim Americans declined, hate crimes skyrocketed and the positive public perception of Muslims that was created in the immediate period after 9/11 diminished. Eventually, this negative perception of Muslims manifested itself through a nti-Islamic riots and hatred of Muslim Americans in upcoming years. (Amiri 2012) September 11, 2001, and the days that followed produced strong feelings amongst non-Muslims as well as among Muslims in Europe.When people feel powerless and frustrated they are prone to hit out with violent language You dont belong here, or Get out of my outlandish now England is for white civilized English people are examples of the kind of violent language that was used in e-mail messages to the Muslim Council of Britain immediately following the attacks. These messages are significant, for they expressed attitudes and perceptions that are widespread amongst non-Muslims and that are recurring components of Islamophobia. Allen 2002) While over in the western hemisphere, the American government was trying to ensure the Americans citizens of their safety. In the first few days following 9/11 there were multiple news position questioning citizens, politicians, and government officials of what exactly went on that day. But what most Americans really wanted to make love was whether or not they can be safe knowing that people of the same race and religion as the terrorists were walking the streets.Although there was fear struck into the hearts of American citizens, Americans were too decent to even consider lashing out on Muslim Americans. Not only that but American didnt know even about their culture, religion, or race to hate them to extent that Europeans do. (Schwartz 2010). When it came time to get the point of views from the dollars mouth, Muslim Americans were more frequently covered in the news and more often interviewed as sources than before the events of 9/11.They were given a chance to speak for themselves rather than the commentators talking on their behalf offering their views on certain issues relating to Muslim Americans. (Abid 2011) What changed the American view of Muslims altogether was the start of the wars in Afghanistan. Americans who were considered to be Islamophobes were completely against the idea of thousands of soldiers losing their life trying to fight for a faith that what President Bush calls A religion based on peace, but hijacked by the terrorists. (Bari 2012) But Americans had an odd response to the anti-Muslim controversy they elected a president bearing an Islamic middle name, Barack Hussein Obama. This demonstrated that for their majority, Islamophobia was moot. Too few said so, but Americans seemed to have instinctively grasped certain truths that Islam would not simply go away, they would not change their view, they could not be defeated in a direct confrontation and that moderate Muslims would be valuable allies in defeating radical Islam. (Schwartz 2010)