Male Carica Crude Solvent Extracts

Male genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus Carica Crude Solvent ExtractsMale pawpaw tree have prime quantitys that rear on short fores (Chin et al., 2001). Carica pawpaw tree is a native of the tropical zone of America, perhaps from Southern Mixico and neighouring central American (Morton, 1987). According to Eno et al. (2000), pawpaw is the fruits, of the plant. Carica papaya belong to the genus carica. anterior qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis of neutral spirits and aqueous pulls of C. papaya showed the presence of many phytocompounds. These evinces were put up to inhibit these cardinal shew micro-organisms Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, genus genus genus Aspergillus niger, Penicillium notatum, Fusarium solani and Candida albican.(Okoye, 2011). Proximate analysis of leaves of C. papaya also showed appreciable quantity of ash con ecstasyt, gravelly protein, crude fat, crude fibre, ca rbohydrate and high calorific value (Okoye et al., 2011). In this lay out work, the author intends to study the preliminary pharmaceutical constituents of crude solvent omits of flower and stubble of priapic Carica papaya since little or no work had been done in this argona. The aim and objective of this work is to driven the phytocompounds present in flower and ghost of virile Carica papaya to extract the crude solvent extracts of the flower and root word of male C. papaya and to find out whether the solvent extracts can inhibit the branch of ten pathogenic fungus kingdom. Carica papaya is composed of many biological combat-ready compounds, many of which are found concentrated in the latex, which is present in parts of the plant (Madrigal et al., 1980).Within Carica papaya plants, the meanness of bio- diligents go out vary with position of plant, age of plant and cutivar. Also, concentration of bioactive differs between male, intersex and female plants. Female plants ex ude more latex than hermaphrodite and male plants. Carica papaya latex is rich in cystein proteinases which are proteolytic enzymes (caricain, chymopapain, papain and glucylendopeptidase) these constitute 80% of latex enxymes. Other enzymes present are glycosyl hydrolases (-1, 3-glucanases, chitiriases and lyzozynus) protease inhibitors (cystertin and ghtaminylcyclotrunsferces and lipases (Moussaoul et al., 2001). It was reported that intake of two table spoons of pulverized papaya seeds composite with hot water twice per day is utilise in the traditionalistic management of diabetes and obesity (Adeneye and Olagunju, 2009). Carica papaya (pawpaw) kiboshs the enzyme papain, a protease employ for tendering meat and other proteins (Morton, 1987). The fruits are popularly used and processed into succus and wine, and also cooked as vegetable (Gragson, 2001). The seeds are medically important in the shell outment of sickle cell disease and poisoning related disorder. The decease t ea or extract had a reputation as a tumor destroyer agent. The flesh green tea is antiseptic eon the brown dried leaves are best served as tonic and declination purifier (Ezugwu, 2008). Due to its antioxidant and fibre content, it is used in treatment of ailments such as chronic indigestion, overweighing, obesity, high blood pressure (Everetta, 2003).Sample Collection and readinessFlower stalk of male Carica papaya was collected from Adazi-enu in Anaochia Local Government Area of Anambra State, Nigeria. It was dried under air and pocket-size sun-shine, for about three weeks and ground into powders. The ground sample was then unplowed in a clean polyethylene bottle until needed for analysis. Phytochemical and the bloodline of the active components are determined by the methods outlined by Harbon (Harbon, 1973). The antimycotic agent activity of flower and stalk of male C. papaya was determined by agar well diffusion method (Okeke et al., 2001). The zone of inhibition was save to the nearest size in mm ( no.rel, 1997). After root of the active components using three different solvents separately (Ethanol, Water and N-hexane), the solvent extracts were evaporated to xerotes at about 67, 98 and 66C respectively in a water bath separately. 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5mg of dry ethanolic, n-hexane and water extracts were weighed into quintuplet different labeled tally tubes differently. Then 10ml of the corresponding solvents used for extraction was added to the dried extracts to make 0.1,0.2,0.3,0.4 and 0.5mg/ml concentrations of the extracts.The MIC of flower and stalk of male Carica papaya were found out by using 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5mg/ml of apiece extract which were added to test tubes containing 1ml of sterile medium. The tubes were then inoculated with a drop of microbial suspension and incubated for 48 hours at 25C. Then 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5mg/ml of amphotericin B (for A. flavus, F. verticilloides, A. parasiticus, F. oxysporum and Fluconazole ( for all candida was used for positive jibe and water for disallow overcome respectively. The MIC value was determined, macroscopically after incubation in comparison with the increment and sterility control. MFC the plates (petri-dishes) were divided into six different sections and labeled with the different concentration on the base of the plates, these were used to plate out the contents of each tube with the respective sections of the plate. The plates were incubated for 18 24 hours at 37C after which the MFC were save. Three replicates were done for each extract concentration and control against the fungi.Results instrument panels 1 Qualitative Phytochemical analysis of Flower and drinking straw of Male Carica papayaClass of phytocompoundInference AlkaloidFlavonoidSaponinTanninsTerpenoidsSteroidsPhenolCardiac glycosides+++++++++Key + = present, = slayTable 2 Quantitative Estimates of Phytochemical Constituents of Flower and Stalk of Male Carica papayaClass of phytocom poundInference AlkaloidFlavonoidSaponinTanninsTerpenoidsSteroidsPhenolCardiac glycosides0.530.010.860.020.370.022.600.010.210.010.080.01Nil1.870.02Table 3 Antifungal activities of crude solvent extracts of flowers and stalk of male Carica papayaText organisms(fungi)Conc. of extract(mg/ml)Average Diameter (mm) of forbidding geographical zone+ve control for all Candida Fluconazoleothers Anaphotericin-ve Control distilWaterDistill peeEtOHN-HexaneAspergillusniger0.11.9 0.20NANA16.26 0.25NA0.22.8 0.10NANA19.00 0.10NA0.33.1 0.022.33 0.02NA21. 6 0.21NA0.44.04 0.103.21 0.01NA23.2 0.28NA0.55.00 0.023.98 0.102.41 0.0224.80 0.01NAgenus genus Microsporumgypseum0.1NANANA8.00 0.02NA0.2NANANA8.60 0.10NA0.3NA2-33 0.02.NA8.60 0.06NA0.42.61 0.013.21 0.01NA9.98 0.22NA0.53.22 0.013.89 0.10NA10.40 0.01NACandidaalbican0.12.40 0.017.5 0.022.00 0.0130.08 0.02NA0.22.63 0.018.2 0.012.88 0.0233.20 0.02NA0.33.91 0.029.00 0.033.12 0.0135.80 0.10NA0.44.62 0.029.97 0.013. 92 0.0 137.00 0.03NA0.54.88 0.1011. 00 0.024.17 0.0230.28 0.17Aspergillusflavus0.11.21 0.012.80 0.20NA17.80 0.10NA0.21.90 0.103.65 0.10NA21. 00 0.20NA0.32.40 0.204.00 0.02NA23.23 0.10NA0.42.86 0.014.86 0.01NA25.00 0.05NA0.53.16 0.305.37 0.20NA28.4 0.10NAFusariumVerticilloides0.1NANANA7.00 0.30NA0.2NANANA7.90 0.02NA0.3NANANA9.00 0.30NA0.4NANANA9.58 0.01NA0.5NANANA10.22 0.07NAAspergillusparasiticus0.11.38 0.02NA3.73 0.0123. 80 0.2NA0.22.06 0.01NA4.02 0.3024.00 0.10NA0.32.97 0.02NA4.08 0.2025.61 0.50NA0.43.30 0.02NA4.60 0.0126. 00 0.20NA0.53.88 0.01NA4.88 0.0227.20 0.10NAFusariumoxysporum0.1NANANA18.37 0.40NA0.2NANANA20.00 0.20NA0.3NANANA21.56 0.10NA0.4NANANA22.26 0.10NA0.5NANANA24.00 0.01NACandidaglabrata0.11. 35 0.012. 60 0.014. 30 0.0122.00 0.01N a0.22.29 0.034.31 0.032. 10 0.0224.1 8 0.20NA0.32 .96 0.025.65 0.012.80 0.0326.00 0.02NA0.43. 12 0.037. 04 0.013. 20 0.0227.86 0.30NA0.53. 84 0.018. 52 0.023. 90 0.0129.00 0.10NACandida p arasilosis ticum0.13.80 0.024.20 0.022.02 0.0123.00 0.10NA0.24.22 0.024.86 0.012.23 0.0223.86 0.20NA0.34.92 0.015.12 0.022.77 0.0124.12 0.02NA0.45.28 0.025.66 0.013. 12 0.0426.00 0.10NA0.55. 88 0.015.91 0.013.93 0.0127.88 0.30NACandidatropicalis0.13.48 0.20NA0.10 0.022 1.00 0.20NA0.24.01 0.01NA2.1 5 0.022 1.95 0.10NA0.34.69 0.023.66 0.022.54 0.0123.00 0.10NA0.45.20 0.015.00 0.033.23 0.2023.86 0.02NA0.55.87 0.016.91 0.013. 87 0.0425.00 0.03NATables 4 tokenish Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)Minimum restrictive concentration (mg/ml) prove organisms (Fungi)Water extract (MIC)Ethanol extract (MIC)Hexane extract (MIC)Aspergillus niger0.05 0.010.25 0.010.45 0.01Microsporum gypseum0.35 0.020.25 0.03NICandida albican0.05 0.020.05 0.010.05 0.01Aspergillus flavus0.05 0.020.05 0.01NIFusarium verticilloidesNININIAspergillus parasiticus 0.01NI0.05 0.01Fusarium oxysporumNININICandida glabrata0.05 0.01 0.010.05 0.01Candida parasilosis 0.05 0.010.05 0.010.0 5 0.01Candida tropicalis0.05 0.010.25 0.010.05 0.01NI No InhibitionTables 5 Minimum fungicidal Concentration (MFC) of Ten FungiMinimum fungicidal concentration (mg/ml)Test organisms (Fungi)Water extract(MFC)Ethanol extract(MFC)N-Hexane extract (MFC)Aspergillus niger0.040.010.150.030.230.02Microsporum gypseum0.300.010.250.01NICandida albican0.020.010.020.010.020.02Aspergilus flavus0.050.010.050.02NIFusarium verticilloidesNININIAsperigillus parasiticus0.050.01NI0.030.01Fusarium oxysporumNININICandida glabrata0.050.030.030.010.020.01Candida parasilosis 0.050.010.030.010.050.02Candida tropicalis0.030.010.050.010.050.01 Key NI No InhibitionDiscussion Table 1 and 2 showed twain qualitative and quantitative estimate of phytocompounds present in the flower and stalk of male Carica papaya. The phytochemical constituents of the flower and stalk are as follows alkaloids 0.53 0.01%, floaonoid 0.08 0.02% saponins 0.37 0.02% tannins 2.06 0.01%, terpenoid 0.02 0.01%, steroids 0.08 0.01 , hydroxybenzene nil, cardiac glycoside 1.87 0.02%. The flower and stalk of male Carica papaya contain an appreciable quantity of alkaloids. It could be used to remedy around diseases, depending on the type of alkaloids it contains. The presence of alkaloids signified the possession of medicinal values inwardly the flower and stalk. Pure isolated alkaloids are used as raw material medicinal agents and fungicidal properties. The presence of steroids in the sample indicates that it could be used to decrease the presence of cholesterol in the bloodstream. Saponins have been used in the treatment of cardiovascular disorders, they facilitate and ease the process of digestion and encourage the growth of beneficial bacteria within the intestine. Saponins also contribute to health and expertness of the immune system by binding to germs and other pathogens as they memorialise the body. In this sense they function as natural anti-bodies. They are found tobe antimicrobial and are partic ularly effective when used to treat yeast a infections. The presence of cardiac glycosides in the flower and stalk of male Carica papaya indicates that it could be used, in the treatment of congestive heart failure and cardiac arrhythmia.Table 3 portrayed the impression of antifungal activities of three solvent extracts of the flower and stalk of male Carica papaya on ten micro-organisms (fungi) investigated in this work. They are A. niger, M. gyspseum, C. albican, A. flavus, F. verticilloides, A. paraciticus, F. oxysporum, C. glabrata, C parasilosis and C. tropicalis. quintet different concentrations of aqueous, ethanolic, and normal hexane extracts were used. At 0.1-0.5mg/ml concentration, aqueous extract showed some inhibitory effect on eight out of the ten test fungi. The fungi are A niger, M. gypseum, C. albican, A flavus, C. parasilosis, A. parasiticus, C. glabrata and C. tropicalis. No action was recorded on the two remaining test fungi F. verticilloides and F. oxysporum. A t 0.1-0.2mg/ml concentration, ethanol extract shows some inhibitory effect on septette out of the ten test fungi. These are A, niger, M. gypseum, C. albican, A. flavus, C. glabrata, C. parasilosis and C. tropicalis. At 0.1-0.2mg/ml, ethanolic extract shows no action against three fungi. These are F. verticilloides, A. parasiticus, and F. oxysporum. At 0.1-0.5mg/ml, n-hexane extract indicated some inhibitory effect on six out of the ten test fungi. These are A, niger, C. albican, A. parasiticus, C. glabrata, C. parasilosis and C. tropicalis. It had no action on four fungi. These are M. gypseum, A. flavus, F. verticilloides and F. oxysporum.. Table 3 also showed the commercial drugs used as positive and negative control. verifying control using two different antibiotics specifically showed remarkable inhibitory effects on the ten test fungi while the negative control showed no action against the ten test fungi.Table 4 showed the results of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the aqueous, ethanolic and n-hexane extracts of flower and stalk of male Carica papaya on the ten test fungi. The least MIC of the aqueous extract 0.05 0.01mg/ml was shown on five test fungi These are A. niger, A. parasiticus, C. glabrata, C. parasilosis and C. tropicalis. MIC of the ethanolic extract 0.05 0.0lmg/ml was shown on four test fungi. These are, C. albican, A. flavus, C. glabrata, and C. parasilosis. MIC of the n-hexane extract 0.05 0.0lmg/ml was shown on five test fungi. These are C. albican, A. parasiticus, C. glabrata, C. parasilosis and C. tropicalis.Table 5 showed the result of minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of the aqueous, ethanolic and n-hexane extract of flower and stalk of male Carica papaya on ten test fungi. For aqueous extract, the least MFC 0.2 0.01mg/ml was shown on one test fungi,Candida albican. For ethanolic extract, the MFC 0.02 0.0lmg/ml was shown on one test fungi Candida albican. For n-hexane extract the least MFC 0.02 0.01mg/rnl was shown on one test fungi Candida glabrata.ConclusionThe analytical investigation showed that, the crude solvent extracts of flower and stalk of male Carica papaya have antigfungal effect on these microorganisms Aspergillus niger, Microsporum gypseum Candida albican, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus parasiticus, Candida glabrata, Candida parasilosis and Candida tropicalis. This implies that crude solvent extracts of flower and stalk of male Carica papaya can be used to bring to the diseases caused by the above mentioned microorganisms. Bioactive ingredients responsible for the antimicrobial properties of the flower and stalk of male C. papaya should be elucidated. Male C. papaya Plant Flower and Stalk of male Carica papayaReferences1.Okoye, E.I., Orakwue, F.C. and Ebeledike, A.O. (2011).Nutritive Evaluation of Seeds of Gongronema latifolium (utazi) and leaves of Carica papaya.Anachem journal, Vol. 5(1) pp. 985 988. ISSN 2006-5221.2.Okoye, E.I. (2011). Preliminary Phytochemical Analysis and Antimicrobial Activity of Seeds of Carica papaya. Journal of Basic Physical Research, Vol. 2, No. 1, Pp. 66 69. ISSN 2141- 8411.3.Okeke M.I., Iroegbu C.U., Eze. E.N., Okoli A.S and Esimone C.O. (2001) Evaluation of extracts of the root of Landolphia owerrience for antimicrobial activity. J. Ethnopharmacol, 78119-127.4.Norrel S.A and Messley K.E. 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